Ellwanger Joel Henrique, Cardoso Jáder da Cruz, Chies José Artur Bogo
Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular - PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2021 Nov 2;1:100058. doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100058. eCollection 2021.
Blood-feeding mosquitoes locate humans spatially by detecting a combination of human-derived chemical signals, including carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other volatile organic compounds. Mosquitoes use these signals to differentiate humans from other animals. Spatial abiotic factors (e.g. humidity, heat) are also used by mosquitoes to find a host. Mosquitoes cause discomfort and harm to humans, being vectors of many pathogens. However, not all humans suffer from mosquito bites with the same frequency or intensity. Some individuals are more attractive to mosquitoes than others, and this has an important impact on the risk of infection by pathogens transmitted by these vectors, such as arboviruses and malaria parasites. Variability in human attractiveness to mosquitoes is partially due to individual characteristics in the composition and intensity in the release of mosquito attractants. The factors that determine these particularities are diverse, modestly understood and still quite controversial. Thus, this review discusses the role of pregnancy, infection with malaria parasites ( spp.), skin microbiota, diet, and genetics in human attractiveness to mosquitoes. In brief, pregnancy and infection increase the host attractiveness to mosquitoes. Skin microbiota and human genetics (especially HLA alleles) modulate the production of mosquito attractants and therefore influence individual susceptibility to these insects. There is evidence pointing to a role of diet on human susceptibility to mosquitoes, with some dietary components having a bigger influence than others. In the last part of the review, other factors affecting human-mosquito interactions are debated, with a special focus on the role of mosquito genetics, pathogens and environmental factors (e.g. wind, environmental disturbances). This work highlights that individual susceptibility to mosquitoes is composed of interactions of different human-associated components, environmental factors, and mosquito characteristics. Understanding the importance of these factors, and how they interact with each other, is essential for the development of better mosquito control strategies and studies focused on infectious disease dynamics.
吸血蚊子通过检测包括二氧化碳、乳酸和其他挥发性有机化合物在内的多种人类衍生化学信号在空间上定位人类。蚊子利用这些信号将人类与其他动物区分开来。空间非生物因素（如湿度、热量）也被蚊子用来寻找宿主。蚊子会给人类带来不适和伤害，是许多病原体的传播媒介。然而，并非所有人类被蚊子叮咬的频率或强度都相同。有些人比其他人更容易吸引蚊子，这对这些传播媒介传播的病原体（如虫媒病毒和疟原虫）感染风险有重要影响。人类对蚊子吸引力的差异部分归因于蚊子引诱剂释放的成分和强度的个体特征。决定这些特殊性的因素多种多样，了解程度有限且仍颇具争议。因此，本综述讨论了怀孕、疟原虫感染、皮肤微生物群、饮食和基因在人类对蚊子吸引力方面的作用。简而言之，怀孕和感染会增加宿主对蚊子的吸引力。皮肤微生物群和人类基因（尤其是HLA等位基因）调节蚊子引诱剂的产生，因此影响个体对这些昆虫的易感性。有证据表明饮食对人类对蚊子的易感性有作用，一些饮食成分的影响比其他成分更大。在综述的最后部分，对影响人类与蚊子相互作用的其他因素进行了讨论，特别关注蚊子基因、病原体和环境因素（如风、环境干扰）的作用。这项工作强调，个体对蚊子的易感性由不同的人类相关成分、环境因素和蚊子特征的相互作用组成。了解这些因素的重要性以及它们如何相互作用，对于制定更好的蚊虫控制策略和专注于传染病动态的研究至关重要。
