Ellis Bruce J, Sheridan Margaret A, Belsky Jay, McLaughlin Katie A
Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2022 May;34(2):447-471. doi: 10.1017/S0954579421001838. Epub 2022 Mar 14.
Two extant frameworks - the harshness-unpredictability model and the threat-deprivation model - attempt to explain dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on development. These models address, respectively, based on a history of natural selection, development operates the way it does across a range of environmental contexts, and the neural mechanisms that underlie plasticity and learning in response to environmental experiences influence brain development. Building on these frameworks, we advance an integrated model of dimensions of environmental experience, focusing on threat-based forms of harshness, deprivation-based forms of harshness, and environmental unpredictability. This integrated model makes clear that the and the of development are inextricable and, together, essential to understanding dimensions of the environment matter. Core integrative concepts include the directedness of learning, multiple levels of developmental adaptation to the environment, and tradeoffs between adaptive and maladaptive developmental responses to adversity. The integrated model proposes that proximal and distal cues to threat-based and deprivation-based forms of harshness, as well as unpredictability in those cues, calibrate development to both immediate rearing environments and broader ecological contexts, current and future. We highlight actionable directions for research needed to investigate the integrated model and advance understanding of dimensions of environmental experience.
两个现存的框架——严苛性-不可预测性模型和威胁-剥夺模型——试图解释逆境的不同维度对发展有着不同的影响。基于自然选择的历史，这些模型分别探讨了发展在一系列环境背景下以其特有的方式运行的原因，以及响应环境经历时构成可塑性和学习基础的神经机制如何影响大脑发育。在这些框架的基础上，我们提出了一个环境经历维度的综合模型，重点关注基于威胁的严苛形式、基于剥夺的严苛形式以及环境不可预测性。这个综合模型明确表明，发展的机制和结果是密不可分的，而且对于理解环境的哪些维度至关重要而言，二者缺一不可。核心的综合概念包括学习的指向性、对环境的多层次发展适应，以及对逆境的适应性和适应不良性发展反应之间的权衡。该综合模型提出，基于威胁和基于剥夺的严苛形式的近端和远端线索，以及这些线索中的不可预测性，会根据当前和未来的直接养育环境以及更广泛的生态背景来校准发展。我们强调了研究所需的可行方向，以探究该综合模型并增进对环境经历维度的理解。
