Rittsteiger Lea, Hinz Thomas, Oriwol Doris, Wäsche Hagen, Schmidt Steffen, Kolb Simon, Woll Alexander
Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
Department of History, Sociology, Empirical Educational Research and Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Mar 4;4:781394. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.781394. eCollection 2022.
Childhood and adolescence are important life periods for the development of health status and physical activity (PA) behaviours. This study analyses the stability and potential changes of self-rated health status, overweight and PA behaviour over time, specifically focusing on the age and the socioeconomic status of children and adolescents. We employ representative longitudinal data for German children and adolescents from the Motorik-Modul Study and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey. Using four different dichotomous health status and PA indicators (self-rated health status [SRHS]; overweight; moderate-to-vigorous PA; and leisure sports engagement), we report transition rates across the panel waves when the survey was taken (2003-2006, 2009-2012, and 2014-2017). Additionally, we report results of logistic regressions estimating the impact of children's age, gender, migration background, and their parents' socioeconomic status on these transition rates. The transition rates show mixed results. While children and adolescents from highly problematic states reporting bad SRHS and no leisure sports engagement at an early stage tend to improve later on, overweight children mostly stay overweight. Age and social inequality indicators correlate with some of the chances of improving or worsening the health and PA states. Most clearly, high parental status prevents the health status and PA from worsening over all transitions, particularly becoming overweight, representing a ratchet effect. The results of the present study underline that health policy needs to target specific groups to reduce social inequality in the health status and PA of children and adolescents.
童年和青少年时期是健康状况和身体活动（PA）行为发展的重要生命阶段。本研究分析了自我评定的健康状况、超重和PA行为随时间的稳定性及潜在变化，特别关注儿童和青少年的年龄及社会经济地位。我们使用了来自运动模块研究以及德国健康访谈与检查调查的德国儿童和青少年代表性纵向数据。通过使用四个不同的二分健康状况和PA指标（自我评定健康状况[SRHS]；超重；中度至剧烈PA；以及休闲体育参与情况），我们报告了在进行调查时（2003 - 2006年、2009 - 2012年以及2014 - 2017年）各面板波次间的转变率。此外，我们报告了逻辑回归结果，该结果估计了儿童的年龄、性别、移民背景及其父母的社会经济地位对这些转变率的影响。转变率呈现出复杂的结果。虽然处于高度问题状态、早期报告SRHS较差且无休闲体育参与的儿童和青少年后来往往会有所改善，但超重儿童大多仍保持超重状态。年龄和社会不平等指标与健康和PA状况改善或恶化的一些可能性相关。最明显的是，高父母社会地位可防止健康状况和PA在所有转变过程中恶化，尤其是防止超重，这体现了一种棘轮效应。本研究结果强调，健康政策需要针对特定群体，以减少儿童和青少年健康状况及PA方面的社会不平等。
