Johansen Kenneth Arctander, Vandenbroeck Michel, Vandevelde Stijn
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Nordisk Alkohol Nark. 2021 Oct;38(5):498-516. doi: 10.1177/14550725211015847. Epub 2021 May 20.
In accordance with recommendations from The United Nations' Chief Executives Board of Coordination, several countries are in the process of reforming their punitive drug policies towards health-based approaches - from punishment to help. The Portuguese model of decriminalisation is generally seen as a good model for other countries and has been scientifically described in favourable terms, and not much scrutinised.
This article draws on foucauldian archaeological and genealogical approaches in order to understand and compare governance logics of the 19th century Norwegian sobriety boards and 21st century Portuguese commissions. In doing this, we problematize contemporary drug policy reform discussions that point to the "Portuguese model", which aims to stop punishing and start helping drug-dependent people, are problematised.
The Portuguese commissions investigate whether drug-using people are dependent or not. Dependency, circumstances of consumption and their economy are considered when the commission decides on penalising, assisting, or treating the person, or a combination of all this. This model was studied alongside the Norwegian sobriety boards mandated by the Sobriety Act that was implemented in 1932. Sobriety boards governed poor alcoholics. Authorities from the sobriety movement were central in creating sobriety policies that culminated in sobriety boards. The Portuguese commissions have similarities to Norwegian sobriety boards. They make use of sanctions and treatment to govern people who use illicit substances to make them abstain, with the view that this is emancipatory for these people. The different apparatuses have distinct and different ways of making up, and governing their subjects.
This article contributes to debates on drug policy reforms and aims to investigate whether they might produce biopower effects of governance masked by an emancipatory language. There is a need for critical studies on drug policy reforms to avoid policies that maintain divisions and control marginalised populations.
根据联合国行政首长协调理事会的建议，一些国家正在将其惩罚性毒品政策转变为基于健康的方法——从惩罚转向帮助。葡萄牙的非刑事化模式通常被视为其他国家的良好典范，并得到了科学的积极描述，且未受到太多审视。
本文运用福柯的考古学和谱系学方法，以理解和比较19世纪挪威戒酒委员会与21世纪葡萄牙委员会的治理逻辑。在此过程中，我们对当代毒品政策改革讨论中指向“葡萄牙模式”的内容提出质疑，该模式旨在停止惩罚并开始帮助吸毒成瘾者。
葡萄牙委员会调查吸毒者是否成瘾。在委员会决定对某人进行惩罚、协助或治疗，或综合采取所有这些措施时，会考虑成瘾情况、消费环境及其经济状况。该模式与1932年实施的《戒酒法》授权的挪威戒酒委员会一同进行研究。戒酒委员会管理贫困酗酒者。戒酒运动的当局在制定最终形成戒酒委员会的戒酒政策方面发挥了核心作用。葡萄牙委员会与挪威戒酒委员会有相似之处。它们利用制裁和治疗来管理使用非法物质的人，使其戒除，认为这对这些人具有解放作用。不同的机构在组成和管理其对象方面有不同的方式。
本文有助于关于毒品政策改革的辩论，旨在调查这些改革是否可能产生被解放性语言掩盖的治理生物权力效应。需要对毒品政策改革进行批判性研究，以避免维持分化和控制边缘化人群的政策。
