Lakra Kanchan, Avishek Kirti
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, 835215 Ranchi, India.
Rend Lincei Sci Fis Nat. 2022;33(2):319-353. doi: 10.1007/s12210-022-01060-1. Epub 2022 Mar 14.
With the changing climate and environment, the nature of fog has also changed and because of its impact on humans and other systems, study of fog becomes essential. Hence, the study of its controlling factors such as the characteristics of condensation nuclei, microphysics, air-surface interaction, moisture, heat fluxes and synoptic conditions also become crucial, along with research in the field of prediction and detection. The current review expands for the period between 1976 to 2021, however, especially focused on the research articles published in the last two decades. It considers 250 research papers/research letters, 24 review papers, four book chapters/manuals, five news articles, 15 reports, six conference papers and five other online readings. This review is a compilation of the pros and cons of the techniques used to determine the factors influencing fog formation, its classification, tools and techniques available for its detection and forecast. Some recent advanced are also discussed in this review: role of soil properties on fogs, application of microwave communication links in the detection of fog, new class of smog, and how the cognitive abilities of humans are affected by fog. Recently India and China are facing an emergence and repetitions of fog haze/smog and thus their policies initiatives are also briefly discussed. It is concluded that the complexity in fog forecasting is high due to multiple factors playing a role at multiple levels. Most of the researchers have worked upon the role of humidity, temperature, wind, and boundary layer to predict fogs. However, the role of global wind circulations, soil properties, and anthropogenic heat requires further investigations. Literature shows that fog is being harnessed to address water insecurity in various countries, however, coastal areas of Angola, Namibia and South Africa, Kenya, Eastern Yemen, Oman, China, India, Sri Lanka, Mexico, along with the mountainous regions of Peru, Chile, and Ecuador, are some of the potential sites that can benefit from the installation of fog water harvesting systems.
随着气候和环境的变化，雾的性质也发生了改变，由于其对人类和其他系统的影响，对雾的研究变得至关重要。因此，对其控制因素的研究，如凝结核的特性、微物理学、气-面相互作用、湿度、热通量和天气条件，以及预测和检测领域的研究也变得至关重要。本综述涵盖了1976年至2021年期间，不过，特别关注过去二十年发表的研究文章。它考虑了250篇研究论文/研究快报、24篇综述论文、四章书籍/手册、五篇新闻文章、15份报告、六篇会议论文和五篇其他在线读物。本综述汇编了用于确定影响雾形成的因素、雾的分类、其检测和预报可用的工具和技术的优缺点。本综述还讨论了一些最新进展：土壤特性对雾的作用、微波通信链路在雾检测中的应用、新型烟雾，以及雾如何影响人类的认知能力。最近，印度和中国正面临雾霾/烟雾的出现和反复，因此也简要讨论了它们的政策举措。得出的结论是，由于多个因素在多个层面发挥作用，雾预报的复杂性很高。大多数研究人员致力于研究湿度、温度、风以及边界层在雾预报中的作用。然而，全球风环流、土壤特性和人为热的作用需要进一步研究。文献表明，各国正在利用雾来解决水资源不安全问题，然而，安哥拉、纳米比亚和南非、肯尼亚、也门东部、阿曼、中国、印度、斯里兰卡、墨西哥的沿海地区，以及秘鲁、智利和厄瓜多尔的山区，是一些可能受益于安装雾水收集系统的潜在地点。
