Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
Environ Int. 2020 Nov;144:106037. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106037. Epub 2020 Aug 21.
While new chemicals have replaced major toxic legacy contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), knowledge of their current levels and biomagnification potential in Baltic Sea biota is lacking. Therefore, a suite of chemicals of emerging concern, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), were analysed in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), viviparous eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common guillemot (Uria aalge) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) from the Baltic Proper, sampled between 2006 and 2016. Results were benchmarked with existing data for legacy contaminants. The mean concentrations for ΣOPEs ranged from 57 to 550 ng g lipid weight (lw), for ΣCPs from 110 to 640 ng g lw for ΣHFRs from 0.42 to 80 ng g lw, and for ΣPFAS from 1.1 to 450 ng g wet weight. Perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) was detected in most species. Levels of OPEs, CPs and HFRs were generally similar or higher than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). OPE, CP and HFR concentrations were also similar to PCBs and DDTs in blue mussel, viviparous eelpout and Atlantic herring. In marine mammals and birds, PCB and DDT concentrations remained orders of magnitude higher than those of OPEs, CPs, HFRs and PFAS. Predator-prey ratios for individual OPEs (0.28-3.9) and CPs (0.40-5.0) were similar or somewhat lower than those seen for BDE-47 (5.0-29) and HBCDD (2.4-13). Ratios for individual HFRs (0.010-37) and PFAS (0.15-47) were, however, of the same order of magnitude as seen for p,p'-DDE (4.7-66) and CB-153 (31-190), indicating biomagnification potential for many of the emerging contaminants. Lack of toxicity data, including for complex mixtures, makes it difficult to assess the risks emerging contaminants pose. Their occurence and biomagnification potential should trigger risk management measures, particularly for MCCPs, HFRs and PFAS.
虽然新的化学物质已经取代了多氯联苯（PCBs）和滴滴涕（DDT）等主要有毒遗留污染物，但对于它们在波罗的海生物群中的当前水平和生物放大潜力知之甚少。因此，分析了一系列新出现的关注化学品，包括有机磷酸酯 (OPEs)、短链、中链和长链氯化石蜡 (SCCPs、MCCPs、LCCPs)、卤代阻燃剂 (HFRs) 和全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS)，在贻贝（Mytilus edulis）、胎生海鳗（Zoarces viviparus）、大西洋鲱鱼（Clupea harengus）、灰海豹（Halichoerus grypus）、港海豹（Phoca vitulina）、港湾海豚（Phocoena phocoena）、普通潜鸭（Somateria mollissima）、普通海鸠（Uria aalge）和白尾鹰（Haliaeetus albicilla）中进行了分析，这些样本采集于 2006 年至 2016 年之间。将结果与现有遗留污染物数据进行了基准测试。ΣOPEs 的平均浓度范围为 57 至 550ng/g 脂质重量 (lw)，ΣCPs 的浓度范围为 110 至 640ng/g lw，ΣHFRs 的浓度范围为 0.42 至 80ng/g lw，ΣPFAS 的浓度范围为 1.1 至 450ng/g 湿重。大多数物种中都检测到全氟-4-乙基环己烷磺酸 (PFECHS)。OPEs、CPs 和 HFRs 的水平通常与多溴二苯醚 (PBDEs) 和/或六溴环十二烷 (HBCDD) 相似或更高。贻贝、胎生海鳗和大西洋鲱鱼中 OPEs、CPs 和 HFRs 的浓度也与 PCBs 和 DDTs 相似。在海洋哺乳动物和鸟类中，PCBs 和 DDT 的浓度仍然是 OPEs、CPs、HFRs 和 PFAS 的数量级高。个别 OPEs（0.28-3.9）和 CPs（0.40-5.0）的捕食者-猎物比与 BDE-47（5.0-29）和 HBCDD（2.4-13）相似或略低。然而，个别 HFRs（0.010-37）和 PFAS（0.15-47）的比值与 p,p'-DDE（4.7-66）和 CB-153（31-190）相同，表明许多新出现的污染物具有生物放大潜力。由于缺乏毒性数据，包括对复杂混合物的毒性数据，因此难以评估新出现的污染物带来的风险。它们的出现和生物放大潜力应引发风险管理措施，特别是针对 MCCPs、HFRs 和 PFAS。
