Mesterhazy Akos, Szieberth Denes, Toldine Eva Tóth, Nagy Zoltan, Szabó Balázs, Herczig Beata, Bors Istvan, Tóth Beata
Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., P.O. Box 391, 6701 Szeged, Hungary.
Hungarian Maize Club, Kazinczy Street 12, 8152 Fejér, Hungary.
J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Mar 11;8(3):293. doi: 10.3390/jof8030293.
Resistance to toxigenic fungi and their toxins in maize is a highly important research topic, as mean global losses are estimated at about 10% of the yield. Resistance and toxin data of the hybrids are mostly not given, so farmers are not informed about the food safety risks of their grown hybrids. According to the findings aflatoxin regularly occurs at preharvest in Hungary and possibly other countries in the region can be jeopardized. We tested, with an improved methodology (two isolates, three pathogens, and a toxin control), 18 commercial hybrids (2017-2020) for kernel resistance (%), and for toxin contamination separately by two-two isolates of , (mg/kg), and (μg/kg). The preharvest toxin contamination was measured in the controls. Highly significant kernel resistance and toxin content differences were identified between hybrids to the different fungi. Extreme high toxin production was found for each toxic species. Only about 10-15% of the hybrids showed higher resistance to the fungal species tested and lower contamination level of their toxins. The lacking correlations between resistance to different fungi and toxins suggest that resistance to different fungi and response to toxin contamination inherits independently, so a toxin analysis is necessary. For safety risk estimation, separated artificial and natural kernel infection and toxin data are needed against all pathogens. Higher resistance to and stabilizes or improves feed safety in hot and dry summers, balancing the harmful effect of climate changes. Resistance and toxin tests during variety registration is an utmost necessity. The exclusion of susceptible or highly susceptible hybrids from commercial production results in reduced toxin contamination.
玉米对产毒真菌及其毒素的抗性是一个非常重要的研究课题，因为全球平均损失估计约为产量的10%。大多数杂交种的抗性和毒素数据并未给出，因此农民并不了解他们种植的杂交种所带来的食品安全风险。根据研究结果，黄曲霉毒素在匈牙利收获前经常出现，该地区的其他国家也可能受到影响。我们采用改进的方法（两种分离物、三种病原体和毒素对照），对18个商业杂交种（2017 - 2020年）进行了籽粒抗性（%）测试，并分别用两种分离物对毒素污染情况进行了检测，检测指标包括 （mg/kg）和 （μg/kg）。同时对对照中的收获前毒素污染情况进行了测量。结果发现，不同杂交种对不同真菌的籽粒抗性和毒素含量存在极显著差异。每种有毒菌种都发现了极高的毒素产量情况。只有约10 - 15%的杂交种对所测试的真菌表现出较高抗性，且其毒素污染水平较低。对不同真菌的抗性与毒素之间缺乏相关性，这表明对不同真菌的抗性和对毒素污染的反应是独立遗传的，因此毒素分析是必要的。为了进行安全风险评估，需要针对所有病原体分别获取人工和自然条件下籽粒感染及毒素数据。对 和 的较高抗性能够在炎热干燥的夏季稳定或提高饲料安全性，平衡气候变化的有害影响。在品种登记过程中进行抗性和毒素测试是非常必要的。将易感或高度易感的杂交种排除在商业生产之外可减少毒素污染。
