Mesterhazy Akos, Szieberth Denes, Tóth Eva Toldine, Nagy Zoltan, Szabó Balazs, Herczig Beata, Bors Istvan, Tóth Beata
Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Fesu Street 1, 6701 Szeged, Hungary.
Hungarian Maize Club, Kazinczy Str. 12, 8152 Kőszárhegy, Hungary.
J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Oct 19;8(10):1104. doi: 10.3390/jof8101104.
Mycotoxins originating in the preharvest period represent a less studied research problem, even though they are of the utmost practical significance in maize production, determining marketability (within EU limits), and storage ability, competitiveness, and profit rate. In this study, 18-23 commercial hybrids were tested between 2014 and 2021. Natural infection from spp. was higher than 1.5%, and for spp. this was normally 0.01% or 0, much lower than would be considered as severe infection. In spite of this, many hybrids provided far higher toxin contamination than regulations allow. The maximum preharvest aflatoxin B was in 2020 (at 2286 μg/kg), and, in several cases, the value was higher than 1000 μg/kg. The hybrid differences were large. In Hungary, the presence of field-originated aflatoxin B was continuous, with three AFB1 epidemics in the 8 years. The highest DON contamination was in 2014 (at 27 mg/kg), and a detectable DON level was found in every hybrid. FUMB+B were the highest in 2014 (at 45.78 mg/kg). At these low infection levels, correlations between visual symptoms and toxin contaminations were mostly non-significant, so it is not feasible to draw a conclusion about toxin contamination from ear rot coverage alone. The toxin contamination of hybrids for a percentage of visual infection is highly variable, and only toxin data can decide about food safety. Hybrids with no visual symptoms and high AFB1 contamination were also identified. Preharvest control, including breeding and variety registration, is therefore of the utmost importance to all three pathogens. Even natural ear rot and toxin data do not prove differences in resistance, so a high ear rot or toxin contamination level should be considered as a risk factor for hybrids. The toxin control of freshly harvested grain is vital for separating healthy and contaminated lots. In addition, proper growing and storage conditions must be ensured to protect the feed safety of the grain.
尽管收获前产生的霉菌毒素在玉米生产、决定可销售性（在欧盟限制范围内）、储存能力、竞争力和利润率方面具有极其重要的实际意义，但这仍是一个研究较少的问题。在本研究中，2014年至2021年间对18 - 23个商业杂交种进行了测试。来自[具体菌种1]的自然感染率高于1.5%，而对于[具体菌种2]，这一比例通常为0.01%或0，远低于被视为严重感染的水平。尽管如此，许多杂交种的毒素污染远远高于规定允许的水平。收获前黄曲霉毒素B1的最高含量出现在2020年（达到2286μg/kg），在某些情况下，该值高于1000μg/kg。杂交种之间的差异很大。在匈牙利，田间产生的黄曲霉毒素B1持续存在，8年中有三次黄曲霉毒素B1流行。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）的最高污染量出现在2014年（达到27mg/kg），并且在每个杂交种中都检测到了可检测水平的DON。伏马毒素B1 + B2（FUMB+B）在2014年最高（达到45.78mg/kg）。在这些低感染水平下，视觉症状与毒素污染之间的相关性大多不显著，因此仅根据穗腐病发生率来推断毒素污染情况是不可行的。杂交种的毒素污染对于一定比例的视觉感染而言变化很大，只有毒素数据才能决定食品安全。还发现了没有视觉症状但黄曲霉毒素B1污染水平高的杂交种。因此，包括育种和品种登记在内的收获前控制对于这三种病原菌都至关重要。即使是自然穗腐病和毒素数据也不能证明抗性存在差异，所以高穗腐病或毒素污染水平应被视为杂交种的一个风险因素。对新收获谷物进行毒素控制对于区分健康批次和受污染批次至关重要。此外，必须确保适当的种植和储存条件以保障谷物的饲料安全。
