Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04038-901, Brazil.
Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Mar 16;58(3):431. doi: 10.3390/medicina58030431.
Diabetes mellitus is a public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide regardless of age, sex, and ethnicity. Electrolyte disturbances may occur as a consequence of disease progression or its treatment, in particular potassium disorders. The prevalence of hypokalemia in diabetic individuals over 55 years of age is up to 1.2%. In patients with acute complications of diabetes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, this prevalence is even higher. Potassium disorders, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, have been associated with increased all-cause mortality in diabetic individuals, especially in those with associated comorbidities, such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease. In this article, we discuss the main conditions for the onset of hypokalemia in diabetic individuals, briefly review the pathophysiology of acute complications of diabetes mellitus and their association with hypokalemia, the main signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters for the diagnosis of hypokalemia, and the management of one of the most common electrolyte disturbances in clinical practice.
糖尿病是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，影响着数以百万计的人，无论其年龄、性别和种族如何。电解质紊乱可能是疾病进展或其治疗的结果，特别是钾紊乱。55 岁以上糖尿病患者低钾血症的患病率高达 1.2%。在患有糖尿病急性并发症的患者中，如糖尿病酮症酸中毒，这种患病率甚至更高。钾紊乱，无论是低钾血症还是高钾血症，都与糖尿病患者的全因死亡率增加有关，特别是在伴有心力衰竭和慢性肾病等合并症的患者中。在本文中，我们讨论了糖尿病患者低钾血症发生的主要情况，简要回顾了糖尿病急性并发症的病理生理学及其与低钾血症的关系，低钾血症的诊断的主要体征、症状和实验室参数，以及在临床实践中最常见的电解质紊乱之一的处理方法。
