Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Nutrients. 2022 Mar 11;14(6):1195. doi: 10.3390/nu14061195.
Background: Based on our recently reported associations between specific dietary behaviors and the risk of COVID-19 infection in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, we further investigate whether these associations are specific to COVID-19 or extend to other respiratory infections. Methods: Pneumonia and influenza diagnoses were retrieved from hospital and death record data linked to the UKB. Baseline, self-reported (2006−2010) dietary behaviors included being breastfed as a baby and intakes of coffee, tea, oily fish, processed meat, red meat (unprocessed), fruit, and vegetables. Logistic regression estimated the odds of pneumonia/influenza from baseline to 31 December 2019 with each dietary component, adjusting for baseline socio-demographic factors, medical history, and other lifestyle behaviors. We considered effect modification by sex and genetic factors related to pneumonia, COVID-19, and caffeine metabolism. Results: Of 470,853 UKB participants, 4.0% had pneumonia and 0.2% had influenza during follow up. Increased consumption of coffee, tea, oily fish, and fruit at baseline were significantly and independently associated with a lower risk of future pneumonia events. Increased consumption of red meat was associated with a significantly higher risk. After multivariable adjustment, the odds of pneumonia (p ≤ 0.001 for all) were lower by 6−9% when consuming 1−3 cups of coffee/day (vs. <1 cup/day), 8−11% when consuming 1+ cups of tea/day (vs. <1 cup/day), 10−12% when consuming oily fish in higher quartiles (vs. the lowest quartile—Q1), and 9−14% when consuming fruit in higher quartiles (vs. Q1); it was 9% higher when consuming red meat in the fourth quartile (vs. Q1). Similar patterns of associations were observed for influenza but only associations with tea and oily fish met statistical significance. The association between fruit and pneumonia risk was stronger in women than in men (p = 0.001 for interaction). Conclusions: In the UKB, consumption of coffee, tea, oily fish, and fruit were favorably associated with incident pneumonia/influenza and red meat was adversely associated. Findings for coffee parallel those we reported previously for COVID-19 infection, while other findings are specific to these more common respiratory infections.
基于我们最近在英国生物库（UKB）队列中报告的特定饮食行为与 COVID-19 感染风险之间的关联，我们进一步研究这些关联是否特定于 COVID-19，还是扩展到其他呼吸道感染。
从与 UKB 相关联的医院和死亡记录数据中检索肺炎和流感诊断。在基线时，自我报告（2006-2010 年）的饮食行为包括婴儿时期母乳喂养以及咖啡、茶、油性鱼、加工肉、未加工红肉、水果和蔬菜的摄入量。使用逻辑回归估计从基线到 2019 年 12 月 31 日的肺炎/流感的比值比，调整基线社会人口统计学因素、病史和其他生活方式行为。我们考虑了性别和与肺炎、COVID-19 和咖啡因代谢相关的遗传因素的效应修饰。
在 470,853 名 UKB 参与者中，4.0%在随访期间发生肺炎，0.2%发生流感。基线时增加咖啡、茶、油性鱼和水果的摄入量与未来肺炎事件的风险降低显著相关。增加红肉的摄入量与风险显著增加相关。在多变量调整后，与每天摄入 1-3 杯咖啡（vs. <1 杯/天）相比，每天摄入 1+杯咖啡（vs. <1 杯/天）时，肺炎的比值比（所有 p ≤ 0.001）低 6-9%；每天摄入 1+杯茶（vs. <1 杯/天）时低 8-11%；摄入高四分位数的油性鱼（vs. 最低四分位数-Q1）时低 10-12%；摄入高四分位数的水果（vs. Q1）时低 9-14%；摄入四分位数 4 的红肉（vs. Q1）时高 9%。流感也观察到类似的关联模式，但只有茶和油性鱼的关联具有统计学意义。水果与肺炎风险之间的关联在女性中强于男性（p = 0.001 交互作用）。
在 UKB 中，咖啡、茶、油性鱼和水果的消费与肺炎/流感的发生呈正相关，而红肉的消费与肺炎/流感的发生呈负相关。咖啡的发现与我们之前报告的 COVID-19 感染结果相似，而其他发现则特定于这些更为常见的呼吸道感染。
