Gianchecchi Elena, Cianchi Virginia, Torelli Alessandro, Montomoli Emanuele
VisMederi Srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
IQVIA Biotech, 1700 Perimeter Park Dr, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Feb 27;10(3):372. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10030372.
Yellow fever (YF) virus still represents a major threat in low resource countries in both South America and Africa despite the presence of an effective vaccine. YF outbreaks are not only due to insufficient vaccine coverage for insufficient vaccine supply, but also to the increase in people without history of vaccination living in endemic areas. Globalization, continuous population growth, urbanization associated with inadequate public health infrastructure, and climate changes constitute important promoting factors for the spread of this virus to tropical and subtropical areas in mosquito-infested regions capable of spreading the disease. In the present review, we focus on the origin of the virus and its transmission, representing two debated topics throughout the nineteenth century, going deeply into the history of YF vaccines until the development of the vaccine still used nowadays. Besides surveillance, we highlight the urgent need of routine immunization and vaccination campaigns associated to diverse and innovative mosquito control technologies in endemic areas for YF virus in order to minimize the risk of new YF outbreaks and the global burden of YF in the future.
尽管有有效的疫苗，但黄热病病毒在南美洲和非洲的资源匮乏国家仍然构成重大威胁。黄热病疫情不仅是由于疫苗供应不足导致疫苗接种覆盖率不够，还因为生活在流行地区的未接种疫苗人群增加。全球化、持续的人口增长、与公共卫生基础设施不足相关的城市化以及气候变化，都是这种病毒传播到有传播该疾病能力的蚊虫滋生地区的热带和亚热带地区的重要促进因素。在本综述中，我们关注病毒的起源及其传播，这是整个19世纪两个备受争议的话题，并深入探讨黄热病疫苗的历史，直至如今仍在使用的疫苗的研发。除了监测，我们强调在黄热病病毒流行地区迫切需要开展常规免疫和疫苗接种运动，并结合各种创新的蚊虫控制技术，以尽量降低未来新的黄热病疫情风险和黄热病的全球负担。
