Bąska Piotr, Norbury Luke J
Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
Pathogens. 2022 Mar 2;11(3):310. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11030310.
The immune system consists of various cells, organs, and processes that interact in a sophisticated manner to defend against pathogens. Upon initial exposure to an invader, nonspecific mechanisms are raised through the activation of macrophages, monocytes, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, or natural killer cells. During the course of an infection, more specific responses develop (adaptive immune responses) whose hallmarks include the expansion of B and T cells that specifically recognize foreign antigens. Cell to cell communication takes place through physical interactions as well as through the release of mediators (cytokines, chemokines) that modify cell activity and control and regulate the immune response. One regulator of cell states is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) which mediates responses to various stimuli and is involved in a variety of processes (cell cycle, development, apoptosis, carcinogenesis, innate and adaptive immune responses). It consists of two protein classes with NF-κB1 (p105/50) and NF-κB2 (p100/52) belonging to class I, and RelA (p65), RelB and c-Rel belonging to class II. The active transcription factor consists of a dimer, usually comprised of both class I and class II proteins conjugated to Inhibitor of κB (IκB). Through various stimuli, IκB is phosphorylated and detached, allowing dimer migration to the nucleus and binding of DNA. NF-κB is crucial in regulating the immune response and maintaining a balance between suppression, effective response, and immunopathologies. Parasites are a diverse group of organisms comprised of three major groups: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. Each group induces distinct effector immune mechanisms and is susceptible to different types of immune responses (Th, Th, Th). This review describes the role of NF-κB and its activity during parasite infections and its contribution to inducing protective responses or immunopathologies.
免疫系统由各种细胞、器官和过程组成，它们以复杂的方式相互作用以抵御病原体。初次接触入侵者时，通过激活巨噬细胞、单核细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、固有淋巴细胞或自然杀伤细胞引发非特异性机制。在感染过程中，会产生更具特异性的反应（适应性免疫反应），其特征包括特异性识别外来抗原的B细胞和T细胞的扩增。细胞间通讯通过物理相互作用以及释放调节细胞活性并控制和调节免疫反应的介质（细胞因子、趋化因子）来进行。细胞状态的一种调节因子是转录因子核因子κB（NF-κB），它介导对各种刺激的反应，并参与多种过程（细胞周期、发育、凋亡、致癌作用、固有免疫和适应性免疫反应）。它由两类蛋白质组成，其中NF-κB1（p105/50）和NF-κB2（p100/52）属于I类，RelA（p65）、RelB和c-Rel属于II类。活性转录因子由一个二聚体组成，通常由与κB抑制因子（IκB）结合的I类和II类蛋白质组成。通过各种刺激，IκB被磷酸化并脱离，使二聚体迁移至细胞核并与DNA结合。NF-κB在调节免疫反应以及维持抑制、有效反应和免疫病理之间的平衡方面至关重要。寄生虫是一类多样的生物体，由三大类组成：原生动物、蠕虫和外寄生虫。每组寄生虫诱导不同的效应免疫机制，并易受不同类型的免疫反应（Th、Th、Th）影响。本综述描述了NF-κB在寄生虫感染期间的作用及其活性，以及它在诱导保护性反应或免疫病理方面的作用。
