Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States.
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Mar 10;13:842603. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.842603. eCollection 2022.
Our ever-changing modern environment is a significant contributor to the increased prevalence of many chronic diseases, and particularly, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although the modern era has ushered in numerous changes to our daily living conditions, changes in "what" and "when" we eat appear to disproportionately fuel the rise of T2DM. The pancreatic islet is a key biological controller of an organism's glucose homeostasis and thus plays an outsized role to coordinate the response to environmental factors to preserve euglycemia through a delicate balance of endocrine outputs. Both successful and failed adaptation to dynamic environmental stimuli has been postulated to occur due to changes in the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of pathways associated with islet secretory function and survival. Therefore, in this review we examined and evaluated the current evidence elucidating the key epigenetic mechanisms and transcriptional programs underlying the islet's coordinated response to the interaction between the timing and the composition of dietary nutrients common to modern lifestyles. With the explosion of next generation sequencing, along with the development of novel informatic and -omic approaches, future work will continue to unravel the environmental-epigenetic relationship in islet biology with the goal of identifying transcriptional and epigenetic targets associated with islet perturbations in T2DM.
我们不断变化的现代环境是许多慢性疾病（尤其是 2 型糖尿病）发病率上升的一个重要因素。尽管现代社会给我们的日常生活条件带来了许多变化，但我们“吃什么”和“什么时候吃”的变化似乎不成比例地推动了 2 型糖尿病的发生。胰岛是生物葡萄糖稳态的关键生物控制器，因此在协调机体对环境因素的反应以维持血糖正常方面发挥着重要作用，这种协调是通过内分泌输出的精细平衡来实现的。成功和失败的适应动态环境刺激的情况被认为是由于与胰岛分泌功能和存活相关的途径的转录和表观遗传调节的变化而发生的。因此，在这篇综述中，我们检查和评估了目前的证据，这些证据阐明了关键的表观遗传机制和转录程序，这些机制和程序是胰岛对现代生活方式中常见的饮食营养的时间和组成的相互作用的协调反应的基础。随着下一代测序技术的爆炸式发展，以及新型信息学和组学方法的发展，未来的工作将继续揭示胰岛生物学中的环境-表观遗传关系，以确定与 2 型糖尿病中胰岛扰动相关的转录和表观遗传靶点。
