Myers James R, Formiga Alice K, Janick Jules
Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
Front Plant Sci. 2022 Mar 14;13:851029. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.851029. eCollection 2022.
Common bean ( L.), maize, and squash were described by explorers as early as 1492. The illustration of common bean recognized as the first in Europe is in Fuchs' , published in 1542 and a half-century after beans were observed in the Caribbean. Besides herbals and herbarium specimens, the sources of information on the introduction of New World crops are paintings and illustrations. Two early sources of images of maize and squash are the and the Loggia di Amore e Psiche in the Villa Farnesina, Rome. The former was illustrated between 1507 and 1508 and has an image identified as the common bean. The Villa Farnesina Loggia was decorated in 1515-1518, with festoons containing three instances of bean pods. Our first objective was to evaluate these images to determine whether they represented depictions of common bean earlier than the illustration by Fuchs. Neither image appears to be a common bean based on a combination of botanical characters and size. Folio 194 of the is most likely a species in the Ceratotropis subgenus. In the Loggia, one set of pods appears to be a species in the Mimosoideae subfamily and the second and third sets of pods most closely resemble . Neither image likely represents common beans and are probably Old-World species. Secondly, illustrations of common beans from ten early herbals were analyzed for traits that are characteristic of the centers of domestication and races of common beans. Our objective was to characterize the diversity observed among herbals and determine whether beans from both centers of domestication were present. We potentially identified both Middle American, race Mesoamerica and Andean, race Nueva Granada types. We posit that both Middle American and Andean types were in the Caribbean at the time of the Columbian exchange and that beans from both centers were informally introduced into Europe early on. This review of 16th-century manuscripts and illustrations has provided some answers to the questions of what and when common beans reached Europe and provide new hypotheses for researchers studying the origins, diversity, and distribution of this crop.
早在1492年，探险家就对菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）、玉米和南瓜进行了描述。被认为是欧洲第一幅菜豆插图出现在1542年出版的富克斯（Fuchs）的著作中，这比在加勒比地区发现菜豆晚了半个世纪。除了草药学著作和植物标本馆标本外，关于新大陆作物引进的信息来源还有绘画和插图。玉米和南瓜的两个早期图像来源是《纽伦堡编年史》（Nuremberg Chronicle）和罗马法尔内西纳别墅（Villa Farnesina）的爱与灵魂门廊（Loggia di Amore e Psiche）。前者的插图绘制于1507年至1508年之间，其中有一幅被确认为菜豆的图像。法尔内西纳别墅门廊于1515年至1518年进行了装饰，花彩饰带中有三处绘有豆荚。我们的首要目标是评估这些图像，以确定它们所描绘的菜豆是否早于富克斯的插图。根据植物特征和大小综合判断，这两幅图像似乎都不是菜豆。《纽伦堡编年史》的第194页插图很可能是刺豆亚属（Ceratotropis subgenus）的一个物种。在门廊中，一组豆荚似乎是含羞草亚科（Mimosoideae subfamily）的一个物种，第二组和第三组豆荚与四棱豆（Psophocarpus tetragonolobus）最为相似。这两幅图像都不太可能代表菜豆，可能是旧世界的物种。其次，对十本早期草药学著作中的菜豆插图进行了分析，以寻找具有菜豆驯化中心和品种特征的性状。我们的目标是描述草药学著作中观察到的多样性，并确定来自两个驯化中心的菜豆是否都有出现。我们可能识别出了中美洲类型（中美洲品种，Mesoamerica）和安第斯类型（新格拉纳达品种，Nueva Granada）。我们认为，在哥伦布大交换时期，中美洲类型和安第斯类型的菜豆都已出现在加勒比地区，并且来自两个中心的菜豆都在早期被非正式地引入了欧洲。对16世纪手稿和插图的这一综述为菜豆何时以及如何传入欧洲的问题提供了一些答案，并为研究这种作物的起源、多样性和分布的研究人员提供了新的假设。
