Fernandes Daniel M, Sirak Kendra A, Ringbauer Harald, Sedig Jakob, Rohland Nadin, Cheronet Olivia, Mah Matthew, Mallick Swapan, Olalde Iñigo, Culleton Brendan J, Adamski Nicole, Bernardos Rebecca, Bravo Guillermo, Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen, Callan Kimberly, Candilio Francesca, Demetz Lea, Carlson Kellie Sara Duffett, Eccles Laurie, Freilich Suzanne, George Richard J, Lawson Ann Marie, Mandl Kirsten, Marzaioli Fabio, McCool Weston C, Oppenheimer Jonas, Özdogan Kadir T, Schattke Constanze, Schmidt Ryan, Stewardson Kristin, Terrasi Filippo, Zalzala Fatma, Antúnez Carlos Arredondo, Canosa Ercilio Vento, Colten Roger, Cucina Andrea, Genchi Francesco, Kraan Claudia, La Pastina Francesco, Lucci Michaela, Maggiolo Marcio Veloz, Marcheco-Teruel Beatriz, Maria Clenis Tavarez, Martínez Christian, París Ingeborg, Pateman Michael, Simms Tanya M, Sivoli Carlos Garcia, Vilar Miguel, Kennett Douglas J, Keegan William F, Coppa Alfredo, Lipson Mark, Pinhasi Ron, Reich David
Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7844):103-110. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
Humans settled the Caribbean about 6,000 years ago, and ceramic use and intensified agriculture mark a shift from the Archaic to the Ceramic Age at around 2,500 years ago. Here we report genome-wide data from 174 ancient individuals from The Bahamas, Haiti and the Dominican Republic (collectively, Hispaniola), Puerto Rico, Curaçao and Venezuela, which we co-analysed with 89 previously published ancient individuals. Stone-tool-using Caribbean people, who first entered the Caribbean during the Archaic Age, derive from a deeply divergent population that is closest to Central and northern South American individuals; contrary to previous work, we find no support for ancestry contributed by a population related to North American individuals. Archaic-related lineages were >98% replaced by a genetically homogeneous ceramic-using population related to speakers of languages in the Arawak family from northeast South America; these people moved through the Lesser Antilles and into the Greater Antilles at least 1,700 years ago, introducing ancestry that is still present. Ancient Caribbean people avoided close kin unions despite limited mate pools that reflect small effective population sizes, which we estimate to be a minimum of 500-1,500 and a maximum of 1,530-8,150 individuals on the combined islands of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola in the dozens of generations before the individuals who we analysed lived. Census sizes are unlikely to be more than tenfold larger than effective population sizes, so previous pan-Caribbean estimates of hundreds of thousands of people are too large. Confirming a small and interconnected Ceramic Age population, we detect 19 pairs of cross-island cousins, close relatives buried around 75 km apart in Hispaniola and low genetic differentiation across islands. Genetic continuity across transitions in pottery styles reveals that cultural changes during the Ceramic Age were not driven by migration of genetically differentiated groups from the mainland, but instead reflected interactions within an interconnected Caribbean world.
人类大约在6000年前定居加勒比地区，大约2500年前陶瓷的使用和集约化农业标志着从古代时期到陶瓷时代的转变。在此，我们报告了来自巴哈马、海地和多米尼加共和国（统称为伊斯帕尼奥拉岛）、波多黎各、库拉索岛和委内瑞拉的174名古代个体的全基因组数据，并将其与89名先前发表的古代个体数据进行了联合分析。最早在古代时期进入加勒比地区、使用石器的加勒比人源自一个与中南美洲个体关系最为密切的高度分化的群体；与之前的研究不同，我们没有发现与北美个体相关的群体对其血统有贡献的证据。与古代相关的谱系有超过98%被一个基因同质化的使用陶瓷的群体所取代，这个群体与南美洲东北部阿拉瓦克语系语言使用者有关；这些人至少在1700年前穿越小安的列斯群岛进入大安的列斯群岛，带来了至今仍存在的血统。尽管配偶群体有限，反映出有效种群规模较小，但古代加勒比人避免近亲结合，我们估计在我们分析的个体生活前的几十代中，波多黎各和伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的联合岛屿上有效种群规模最小为500 - 1500人，最大为1530 - 8150人。人口普查规模不太可能比有效种群规模大十倍以上，因此之前泛加勒比地区数十万人口的估计过大。通过确认一个规模小且相互联系的陶瓷时代种群，我们发现了19对跨岛表亲，他们是在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛相距约75公里处埋葬的近亲，并且各岛屿间遗传分化程度较低。陶器风格转变过程中的基因连续性表明，陶瓷时代的文化变化并非由来自大陆的基因分化群体的迁移所驱动，而是反映了一个相互联系的加勒比世界内部的互动。
