Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany.
Pest Manag Sci. 2022 Jul;78(7):2779-2791. doi: 10.1002/ps.6899. Epub 2022 May 20.
The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata, and the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), are economically important fruit fly species in various regions of the world. We evaluated the effects of separate and combined applications of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (WG-18) and Metarhizium anisopliae (WG-02), and the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (VS strain) and Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) against larvae, pupae and pharate adults, of B. zonata and B. dorsalis under laboratory, glasshouse and field cage conditions.
Combined applications of EPF and EPNs produced greater mortality than individual treatments under all conditions. Against both species, the combination of B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora consistently exerted strong effects that were similar to the combined application of B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae whereas M. anisopliae applied with S. carpocapsae was least effective in all combinations. In a laboratory bioassay, synergistic interactions were detected between B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora applied against larvae and pharate adults of both fly species, between B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae against larvae of both species and pharate adults of B. zonata, and between M. anisopliae and H. bacteriophora against B. zonata larvae. Other combined treatments resulted in additive effects, especially against fly pupae. In a potted soil bioassay, there were only additive interactions in all combinations against different stages of both flies. The 3rd instar of both flies was more susceptible than pharate adult and pupal stages. Additive interactions between EPNs and EPF were detected in the glasshouse against 3rd instars and pupae, and under field conditions against 3rd instars of both fly species.
These results indicate how particular combinations of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes could be deployed in integrated pest management of tephritid fruit flies in orchard agro-ecosystems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
桃果实蝇和东方果实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）是世界各地区具有经济重要性的果实蝇物种。我们评估了昆虫病原真菌（EPF）球孢白僵菌（WG-18）和金龟子绿僵菌（WG-02）以及昆虫病原线虫（EPN）斯氏线虫（VS 株）和斯氏线虫（ALL 株）单独和联合应用对桃果实蝇和东方果实蝇幼虫、蛹和成蝇期的影响，在实验室、温室和田间笼条件下进行。
在所有条件下，EPF 和 EPN 联合应用比单独处理产生更高的死亡率。针对这两个物种，白僵菌和斯氏线虫的组合始终表现出强烈的效果，与白僵菌和斯氏线虫的联合应用相似，而金龟子绿僵菌与斯氏线虫的联合应用在所有组合中效果最差。在实验室生物测定中，检测到白僵菌和斯氏线虫联合应用于两种蝇类幼虫和成蝇期，白僵菌和斯氏线虫联合应用于两种蝇类幼虫和桃果实蝇蛹期，以及金龟子绿僵菌和斯氏线虫联合应用于桃果实蝇幼虫期时，存在协同作用。其他联合处理产生了相加作用，尤其是对蝇蛹。在盆栽土壤生物测定中，所有组合对两种蝇类的不同阶段都只有相加作用。两种蝇类的 3 龄幼虫比成蝇期和蛹期更易受感染。在温室中，EPN 和 EPF 之间的交互作用仅对 3 龄幼虫和蛹表现为相加作用，而在田间条件下，对两种蝇类的 3 龄幼虫也表现为相加作用。
这些结果表明，在果园农业生态系统中，特定的 EPF 和线虫组合如何可用于实蝇的综合虫害管理。© 2022 化学工业协会。
