Gulzar Sehrish, Wakil Waqas, Shapiro-Ilan David I
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
SE Fruit & Tree Nut Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Byron, GA 31008, USA.
Insects. 2021 May 16;12(5):456. doi: 10.3390/insects12050456.
Onion thrips, Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is one of the most damaging insect pests of onions, L., which is an economically important agricultural crop cultivated worldwide. In this study, the combined application of entomopathogenic nematodes with entomopathogenic fungi against different soil dwelling stages of was evaluated. The nematodes included (VS strain) and (SN strain), and fungi included (WG-11) and (WG-02); all four paired combinations (nematode + fungus) were included. In a small cup bioassay, only the combined application of and (WG-11) caused a synergistic interaction against pre-pupae, while all other combinations were compatible in an additive manner against pupae and late second instars. In a larger arena, a potted soil bioassay, again, combined applications of both pathogens produced greater mortality compared to single applications of each pathogen; all the combinations exhibited additive interactions, with the highest mortality observed in pre-pupae, followed by pupae and late second instar larvae using and (WG-11). Additionally, in the potted plant bioassay, lower adult emergence was observed from treated groups compared to control groups. Under field conditions, lower numbers of adults and larvae were found in treated groups relative to controls. Overall, the pre-pupal stage was more susceptible to the pathogen treatments, followed by pupae and late second instar larvae, and also combined applications of both pathogens suppressed the adult population. Combined application of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi could be used for integrated pest management (IPM) of in onion production systems.
葱蓟马，林德曼（缨翅目：蓟马科）是洋葱（Allium cepa L.）最具危害性的害虫之一，洋葱是一种在全球范围内广泛种植的重要经济作物。在本研究中，评估了昆虫病原线虫与昆虫病原真菌联合应用对葱蓟马不同土壤栖息阶段的防治效果。线虫包括斯氏线虫（VS品系）和异小杆线虫（SN品系），真菌包括球孢白僵菌（WG - 11）和绿僵菌（WG - 02）；所有四种配对组合（线虫 + 真菌）均被纳入研究。在小杯生物测定中，只有斯氏线虫（VS品系）与球孢白僵菌（WG - 11）的联合应用对预蛹产生了协同作用，而所有其他组合对蛹和二龄后期幼虫的作用为相加性。在更大的试验场，即盆栽土壤生物测定中，同样，两种病原体的联合应用比每种病原体单独应用产生了更高的死亡率；所有组合均表现出相加性相互作用，使用斯氏线虫（VS品系）和球孢白僵菌（WG - 11）时，预蛹的死亡率最高，其次是蛹和二龄后期幼虫。此外，在盆栽植物生物测定中，与对照组相比，处理组观察到较低的成虫羽化率。在田间条件下，与对照组相比，处理组发现的成虫和幼虫数量较少。总体而言，预蛹期对病原体处理更为敏感，其次是蛹和二龄后期幼虫，并且两种病原体的联合应用也抑制了成虫种群数量。昆虫病原线虫和真菌的联合应用可用于洋葱生产系统中葱蓟马的综合害虫管理（IPM）。
