Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.
Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2022 Aug;97(4):1677-1690. doi: 10.1111/brv.12858. Epub 2022 Apr 7.
Macrophytes are an important part of freshwater ecosystems and they have direct and indirect roles in keeping the water clear and providing structure and habitats for other aquatic organisms. Currently, climate change is posing a major threat to macrophyte communities by altering the many drivers that determine macrophyte abundance and composition. We synthesise current literature to examine the direct effects of climate change (i.e. changes in CO , temperature, and precipitation patterns) on aquatic macrophytes in lakes as well as indirect effects via invasive species and nutrient dynamics. The combined effects of climate change are likely to lead to an increased abundance and distribution of emergent and floating species, and a decreased abundance and distribution of submerged macrophytes. In small shallow lakes, these processes are likely to be faster than in deep temperate lakes; with lower light levels, water level fluctuations and increases in temperature, the systems will become dominated by algae. In general, specialized macrophyte species in high-latitude and high-altitude areas will decrease in number while more competitive invasive species are likely to outcompete native species. Given that the majority of endemic species reside in tropical lakes, climate change, together with other anthropogenic pressures, might cause the extinction of a large number of endemic species. Lakes at higher altitudes in tropical areas could therefore potentially be a hotspot for future conservation efforts for protecting endemic macrophyte species. In response to a combination of climate-change induced threats, the macrophyte community might collapse, which will change the status of lakes and may initiate a negative feedback loop that will affect entire lake ecosystems.
大型水生植物是淡水生态系统的重要组成部分，它们在保持水质清澈、为其他水生生物提供结构和栖息地方面发挥着直接和间接的作用。目前，气候变化通过改变决定大型水生植物丰度和组成的许多驱动因素，对大型水生植物群落构成了重大威胁。我们综合了当前的文献，研究了气候变化（即 CO2 变化、温度和降水模式的变化）对湖泊水生大型植物的直接影响，以及通过入侵物种和养分动态的间接影响。气候变化的综合影响可能导致挺水和浮叶物种的丰度和分布增加，以及沉水大型植物的丰度和分布减少。在小而浅的湖泊中，这些过程可能比在深而温和的湖泊中更快；由于光照水平较低、水位波动和温度升高，系统将被藻类主导。一般来说，高纬度和高海拔地区的特有大型植物物种数量将会减少，而更具竞争力的入侵物种可能会与本地物种竞争。鉴于大多数特有物种都存在于热带湖泊中，气候变化以及其他人为压力可能导致大量特有物种灭绝。因此，热带地区高海拔的湖泊可能成为保护特有大型植物物种的未来保护热点。由于受到气候变化引起的威胁的综合影响，大型植物群落可能会崩溃，这将改变湖泊的状况，并可能引发负反馈循环，从而影响整个湖泊生态系统。
