Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 26;23(7):3634. doi: 10.3390/ijms23073634.
Viruses infect all types of organisms, causing viral diseases, which are very common in humans. Since viruses use the metabolic pathways of their host cells to replicate, they are difficult to eradicate without affecting the cells. The most effective measures against viral infections are vaccinations and antiviral drugs, which selectively inhibit the viral replication cycle. Both methods have disadvantages, which requires the development of new approaches to the treatment of viral diseases. In the study of animal venoms, it was found that, in addition to toxicity, venoms exhibit other types of biological activity, including an antiviral one, the first mention of which dates back to middle of the last century, but detailed studies of their antiviral activity have been conducted over the past 15 years. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced these studies and several compounds with antiviral activity have been identified in venoms. Some of them are very active and can be considered as the basis for antiviral drugs. This review discusses recent antiviral studies, the found compounds with high antiviral activity, and the possible mechanisms of their action. The prospects for using the animal venom components to create antiviral drugs, and the expected problems and possible solutions are also considered.
病毒感染所有类型的生物体，导致病毒性疾病，这些疾病在人类中非常常见。由于病毒利用宿主细胞的代谢途径进行复制，因此在不影响细胞的情况下，很难将其根除。预防病毒感染最有效的措施是接种疫苗和使用抗病毒药物，这些药物可以选择性地抑制病毒的复制周期。这两种方法都有缺点，因此需要开发新的方法来治疗病毒性疾病。在对动物毒液的研究中，人们发现，除了毒性之外，毒液还具有其他类型的生物活性，包括抗病毒活性，最早的提及可以追溯到上世纪中叶，但对其抗病毒活性的详细研究是在过去的 15 年中进行的。COVID-19 大流行加强了这些研究，在毒液中发现了几种具有抗病毒活性的化合物。其中一些非常活跃，可以被认为是抗病毒药物的基础。本文综述了最近的抗病毒研究、发现的具有高抗病毒活性的化合物，以及它们作用的可能机制。还考虑了利用动物毒液成分来开发抗病毒药物的前景、预期的问题和可能的解决方案。
