Competitive-Level Differences in Trunk and Foot Kinematics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming.

The foot and trunk kinematics could be associated with horizontal velocity during underwater undulatory swimming (UUS). This study aimed to compare the foot and trunk kinematic parameters during UUS between faster and slower swimmers. The three-dimensional coordinates of the markers were collected during 15 m UUS for 13 swimmers. Participants were divided into two groups based on their horizontal UUS velocity. The range of motion of the lower waist was greater for the faster swimmers than for the slower swimmers; however, no group differences were found for the foot orientation angle. Both the maximum flexion and extension angular velocities of the lower waist and maximum extension angular velocity of the chest were greater for faster swimmers than for slower swimmers. The toe vertical velocity during upward and downward kicks and horizontal displacement per kick were greater for the faster swimmers than for the slower swimmers, whereas no group difference was found for kick frequency. The increase in the long horizontal displacement per kick could be explained by the increase in vertical velocity of the great toes due to the increased trunk angular velocity. These results indicate that faster swimmers performed the UUS with greater trunk angular velocity.