West Rani, Lorimer Anna, Pearson Simon, Keogh Justin W L
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
Sports Med Open. 2022 Jul 28;8(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00485-0.
Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) has become an integral component of the start and turn phases in competitive swimming allowing higher velocities than can be achieved swimming at the surface. An understanding of the most important determinants for UUS performance and how these can be optimised to different swimmers is poorly understood.
The aim of this systematic review was to systematically assess the current peer-reviewed literature on the relationship between UUS performance determinants and underwater velocity in competitive swimmers.
An electronic search using AusSportMed, Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using a biomechanics-specific checklist developed by Hindle and colleagues (Sports Med Open. 5(1):49, 2019. 10.1186/s40798-019-0222-z ).
Twenty-five studies met the eligibility criteria. While UUS velocity was nearly perfectly related (r > 0.90) to foot resultant acceleration and kick frequency, several other biomechanical factors were also significant correlates. UUS velocity and frequency were typically higher in high-performance swimmers and during prone versus dorsal positions. UUS velocity, kick frequency and kick amplitude were also significantly correlated with high angular velocities of the hip, knee and ankle joints and knee range of motion.
While there appears to be evidence supporting some performance variables to be related to UUS, future research should examine how to optimise the kinematic and kinetic characteristics with respect to the imposed task constraints and organism constraints between swimmers. Additional research should also investigate the effect of biomechanically informed interventions to improve UUS performance.
Open Science Framework.
波动式水下游泳（UUS）已成为竞技游泳出发和转身阶段的一个重要组成部分，与水面游泳相比，它能实现更高的速度。目前对于UUS表现的最重要决定因素以及如何针对不同游泳者进行优化，人们了解甚少。
本系统评价的目的是系统评估当前同行评审文献中关于UUS表现决定因素与竞技游泳者水下速度之间的关系。
使用AusSportMed、Embase、PubMed、SPORTDiscus以及《游泳生物力学与医学》进行电子检索。采用Hindle及其同事制定的生物力学特定清单（《运动医学开放杂志》。5(1):49, 2019. 10.1186/s40798-019-0222-z）对研究的方法学质量进行评估。
25项研究符合纳入标准。虽然UUS速度与足部合成加速度和踢腿频率几乎完全相关（r＞0.90），但其他一些生物力学因素也有显著相关性。在高水平游泳者中以及俯卧位与仰卧位时，UUS速度和频率通常更高。UUS速度、踢腿频率和踢腿幅度也与髋、膝和踝关节的高角速度以及膝关节活动范围显著相关。
虽然似乎有证据支持一些表现变量与UUS有关，但未来的研究应探讨如何根据施加的任务限制和游泳者之间的机体限制来优化运动学和动力学特征。还应开展更多研究来调查基于生物力学的干预措施对提高UUS表现的影响。
开放科学框架。
