Ruiz-Navarro Jesús J, López-Belmonte Óscar, Cuenca-Fernández Francisco, Gay Ana, Arellano Raúl
Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
J Hum Kinet. 2024 May 17;93:53-68. doi: 10.5114/jhk/175824. eCollection 2024 Jul.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a five-week training program on undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) in swimmers and to compare the specific effects prompted by two different training protocols on UUS performance and kinematics. Swimmers (n = 14) were divided into in-water only (WO) (18.61 ± 2.62 years, FINA points: 507 ± 60) and water + dry-land training groups (with conical pulleys) (WD) (18.38 ± 2.67 years, FINA points: 508 ± 83). Three countermovement jumps (CMJ) and three maximal UUS trials were performed before and after a five-week training period. The training program comprised 14 × 30-min sessions. The WO group repeated the same 15-min block twice, while the WD group performed one block of 15 min in the water and the other block on land performing lower limb exercises with conical pulleys. Seven body landmarks were auto-digitalized during UUS by a pre-trained neural network and 21 kinematic variables were calculated. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant time × group interaction in favour of the WD group was observed for mean vertical toe velocity (p = 0.035, = 0.32). The WD group experienced enhancements in mean and maximum underwater velocity, kick frequency, maximum shoulder angular velocity, as well as mean and maximum vertical toe velocity (p < 0.05). The WO group exhibited an enhancement in CMJ height (p < 0.05). In conclusion, UUS performance was improved in adolescent swimmers after five weeks of specific training, only when combining water and conical pulley exercises. Coaches should include dry-land specific lower limb exercises in addition to in-water training to improve UUS performance.
本研究旨在评估为期五周的训练计划对游泳运动员波动式水下游泳（UUS）的影响，并比较两种不同训练方案对UUS表现和运动学的具体影响。游泳运动员（n = 14）被分为仅水中训练组（WO）（18.61±2.62岁，国际泳联积分：507±60）和水中+陆地训练组（使用锥形滑轮）（WD）（18.38±2.67岁，国际泳联积分：508±83）。在为期五周的训练期前后进行了三次反向纵跳（CMJ）和三次最大UUS测试。训练计划包括14次30分钟的课程。WO组将相同的15分钟训练单元重复两次，而WD组在水中进行一个15分钟的训练单元，另一个训练单元在陆地上使用锥形滑轮进行下肢练习。在UUS过程中，由一个经过预训练的神经网络自动数字化七个身体标志点，并计算21个运动学变量。统计学显著性水平设定为p < 0.05。观察到有利于WD组的显著时间×组交互作用，表现为平均垂直脚趾速度（p = 0.035，η² = 0.32）。WD组在平均和最大水下速度、踢水频率、最大肩部角速度以及平均和最大垂直脚趾速度方面均有提高（p < 0.05）。WO组在CMJ高度方面有所提高（p < 0.05）。总之，仅在将水中训练与锥形滑轮练习相结合时，青少年游泳运动员在经过五周的特定训练后UUS表现得到改善。教练除了进行水中训练外，还应包括陆地特定的下肢练习，以提高UUS表现。
