Department of Population Studies, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517 502, India.
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Apr 11;22(1):713. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13191-z.
Based on an increased prevalence of diabetes, asthma and hypertension among women in reproductive age, understanding the risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial to inform policy and program interventions to address the problem. In this study, we empirically assessed the associations of behavioural factors such as alcohol consumption and tobacco use and a variety of socioeconomic characteristics with prevalence of NCDs in adult women.
The data were derived from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015-16. The effective sample size for the present paper was 699,686 women aged 15-49 years in India. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis were conducted to find the preliminary results. Additionally, multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the relationship between NCDs and behavioural factors such as alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Moreover, population attributable risk was estimated in the present study.
It was revealed that 15.9% of women had any of the NCDs. A proportion of 0.8% of women smoked tobacco whereas 5.5% of women consumed smokeless tobacco. Also, a proportion of 1.2% of women consumed alcohol in the current study. The odds of having NCDs among women who smoked tobacco, consumed smokeless tobacco and consume alcohol were 16, 8 and 20% significantly higher than the odds of having NCDs among women who did not smoke tobacco, consume smokeless tobacco and consume alcohol respectively. The population attributable risk of having NCDs was 1.8% (p < 0.001) for women who smoked, 0.8% (p < 0.001) for women who consumed smokeless tobacco and 2.2% (p < 0.001) for women who consumed alcohol. Besides, the odds of having NCDs among overweight and obese women were 2.25 and 3.60 times greater than the odds of having NCDs among women who were underweight.
The findings revealed that smoking and using smokeless tobacco and alcohol consumption were risk factors of NCDs in women. The findings also alarm the focus of maternal and child health programs on NCDs' risk factors like maternal obesity, due to their adverse health consequences on their children too. Also, the coexistence of higher levels of tobacco use and alcohol consumption requires different strategies to address the vulnerability of women towards NCDs, including screening and early detection of NCDs especially among those who smoke or chew tobacco and consume alcohol.
由于处于生育年龄的女性中糖尿病、哮喘和高血压的患病率不断上升，了解非传染性疾病（NCD）的风险因素对于制定政策和实施干预措施以解决这一问题至关重要。在这项研究中，我们通过实证评估了饮酒和吸烟等行为因素以及各种社会经济特征与成年女性 NCD 患病率之间的关联。
数据来自于 2015-16 年进行的国家家庭健康调查。本文的有效样本量为印度 699686 名 15-49 岁的女性。进行了描述性统计和双变量分析以得出初步结果。此外，还进行了多变量逻辑回归分析，以确定 NCD 与饮酒和吸烟等行为因素之间的关系。此外，本研究还估计了人群归因风险。
研究结果显示，15.9%的女性患有任何一种 NCD。在本研究中，有 0.8%的女性吸烟，5.5%的女性咀嚼无烟烟草，1.2%的女性饮酒。此外，与不吸烟、不咀嚼无烟烟草和不饮酒的女性相比，吸烟、咀嚼无烟烟草和饮酒的女性患 NCD 的几率分别高 16%、8%和 20%。NCD 的人群归因风险为吸烟女性 1.8%（p<0.001），咀嚼无烟烟草女性 0.8%（p<0.001），饮酒女性 2.2%（p<0.001）。此外，超重和肥胖女性患 NCD 的几率是体重不足女性的 2.25 倍和 3.60 倍。
研究结果表明，吸烟、咀嚼无烟烟草和饮酒是女性患 NCD 的风险因素。研究结果还警示了母婴健康计划将重点放在肥胖等与 NCD 相关的风险因素上，因为这些因素也会对儿童的健康造成不利影响。此外，吸烟和饮酒等风险因素的共存需要不同的策略来解决女性对 NCD 的脆弱性，包括对吸烟或咀嚼烟草和饮酒的女性进行 NCD 的筛查和早期检测。
