Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Environ Res. 2021 Jun;197:110901. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110901. Epub 2021 Feb 20.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include non-persistent exogenous substances such as parabens, bisphenols and phthalates which have been associated with a range of metabolic disorders and disease. It is unclear if exposure remains consistent over time. We investigated change in indicators of EDC exposure between 2009 and 2016 and assessed its consistency between and within individuals over a median follow-up time of 47 months in a sample of Dutch individuals. Of 500 Dutch individuals, two 24 h urine samples were analysed for 5 parabens, 3 bisphenols and 13 metabolites of in total 8 different phthalates. We calculated per-year differences using meta-analysis and assessed temporal correlations between and within individuals using Spearman correlation coefficients, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and kappa-statistics. We found a secular decrease in concentrations of methyl, ethyl, propyl and n-butyl paraben, bisphenol A, and metabolites of di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and butylbenzyl phthalate (DBzP) which varied from 8 to 96% (ethyl paraben, propyl paraben) between 2009 and 2016. Within-person temporal correlations were highest for parabens (ICC: 0.34 to 0.40) and poorest for bisphenols (ICC: 0.15 to 0.23). For phthalate metabolites, correlations decreased most between time periods (ICC < 48 months: 0.22 to 0.39; ≥48 months: 0.05 to 0.32). When categorizing EDC concentrations, 33-54% of individuals remained in the lowest or highest category and temporal correlations were similar to continuous measurements. Exposure to most EDCs decreased between 2009 and 2016 in a sample of individuals with impaired fasting glucose from the Dutch population. Temporal consistency was generally poor. The inconsistency in disease associations may be influenced by individual-level or temporal variation exhibited by EDCs. Our findings call for the need for repeated measurements of EDCs in observational studies before and during at-risk temporal windows for the disease.
内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）包括非持久性外源性物质，如对羟基苯甲酸酯、双酚 A 和邻苯二甲酸酯，这些物质与一系列代谢紊乱和疾病有关。目前尚不清楚暴露是否随时间保持一致。我们调查了 2009 年至 2016 年间 EDC 暴露指标的变化，并在荷兰人群的中位随访时间为 47 个月的样本中评估了个体内和个体间的一致性。在 500 名荷兰人中，对 24 小时尿液样本进行了 5 种对羟基苯甲酸酯、3 种双酚 A 和 13 种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的分析。我们使用荟萃分析计算了每年的差异，并使用 Spearman 相关系数、组内相关系数（ICC）和 Kappa 统计评估了个体内和个体间的时间相关性。我们发现，甲基、乙基、丙基和正丁基对羟基苯甲酸酯、双酚 A 以及邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（DBzP）的浓度呈下降趋势，从 2009 年到 2016 年下降了 8%到 96%。个体内的时间相关性最高的是对羟基苯甲酸酯（ICC：0.34 到 0.40），最低的是双酚 A（ICC：0.15 到 0.23）。对于邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物，相关性在时间段之间下降最多（ICC < 48 个月：0.22 到 0.39；≥48 个月：0.05 到 0.32）。当将 EDC 浓度分类时，33%到 54%的个体仍处于最低或最高类别，且时间相关性与连续测量相似。在来自荷兰人群的空腹血糖受损个体样本中，2009 年至 2016 年间，大多数 EDC 的暴露水平下降。总体一致性较差。疾病相关性的不一致性可能受到 EDC 个体水平或时间变化的影响。我们的研究结果表明，在疾病的高危时间窗口之前和期间，观察性研究需要重复测量 EDC。
