Pattanayak Sarthak, Jena Satyananda, Das Priyanka, Maitra Sagar, Shankar Tanmoy, Praharaj Subhashisa, Mishra Prasannajit, Mohanty Santanu, Pradhan Madhusmita, Swain Deepak Kumar, Pramanick Biswajit, Gaber Ahmed, Hossain Akbar
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India.
Department of Agronomy, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 731204, West Bengal, India.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Apr 14;11(8):1071. doi: 10.3390/plants11081071.
Weed management has become the most important and inevitable aspect of crop management for achieving a higher rice yield. Nowadays, chemical herbicide application has become a popular practice for managing weeds in different rice cultures. However, herbicide application can have qualitative and quantitative impacts on soil microorganisms and soil enzymes, particularly in the case of new herbicide molecules and their indiscriminate use for a longer period. Further, different rice establishment methods also play a significant role in soil microbial population dynamics as well as soil biological properties. Keeping these in view, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Main Research Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), India, during the season of 2016 and 2017, on the impact of crop establishment methods and weed management practices on soil microbial and enzymatic status. The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications with four crop establishment methods in the main plot, viz., M, Direct Seeded Rice (DSR); M, Wet Seeded Rice (WSR); M,Unpuddled Transplanted Rice (NPTR); M, Puddled Transplanted Rice (PTR), and six weed management practices in the sub-plot, viz., W, Weedy check; W, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (pre-emergence (PE)) 0.660 kg ha + Hand weeding (HW) at 30 days after sowing/transplanting (days after sowing/transplanting (DAS/T)); W, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.495 kg ha + HW at 30 DAS/T; W, Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) 0.495 kg ha + Bispyribac-Sodium (post-emergence(POE)) 0.025 kg ha at 15 DAS/T; W, Cono weeding (CW) at 15 DAS/T + hand weeding 30 DAS/T, and W, Brown manuring/Green manuring. The initial decline in the microbial population was observed due to herbicide application in NPTR and PTR up to 7 DAS/T and then it increased up to 28 DAS/T. There was a reduction in soil microbial and enzymatic status after the application of herbicides Bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + Pretilachlor 6% (PE) and Bispyribac-Sodium (POE) that again followed an upward graph with crop age. Significant variation in enzymatic activity and the microbial count was also observed among treatments involving crop establishment methods. The study revealed that improved microbial population and enzyme activity were noted in unpuddled transplanted rice under organic weed management due to favorable conditions, and chemical weed control initially affected microbial population and activities.
杂草管理已成为实现水稻高产的作物管理中最重要且不可避免的方面。如今，化学除草剂的施用已成为不同水稻种植方式中杂草管理的常用方法。然而，除草剂的施用会对土壤微生物和土壤酶产生定性和定量的影响，尤其是新的除草剂分子及其长期无差别使用的情况。此外，不同的水稻种植方式对土壤微生物种群动态以及土壤生物学特性也起着重要作用。考虑到这些因素，2016年和2017年季节期间，在印度奥里萨农业技术大学（OUAT）的农学主研究农场进行了一项田间试验，研究作物种植方式和杂草管理措施对土壤微生物和酶状况的影响。田间试验采用裂区设计，重复三次，主区有四种作物种植方式，即M，直播水稻（DSR）；M，湿播水稻（WSR）；M，未翻耕移栽水稻（NPTR）；M，翻耕移栽水稻（PTR），副区有六种杂草管理措施，即W，杂草对照；W，苄嘧磺隆0.6% + 丙草胺6%（苗前）0.660千克/公顷 + 播种/移栽后30天人工除草（HW）；W，苄嘧磺隆0.6% + 丙草胺6%（苗前）0.495千克/公顷 + 播种/移栽后30天人工除草；W，苄嘧磺隆0.6% + 丙草胺6%（苗前）0.495千克/公顷 + 双草醚（苗后）0.025千克/公顷在播种/移栽后15天；W，播种/移栽后15天旋耕除草（CW） + 播种/移栽后30天人工除草，以及W，褐肥/绿肥。在NPTR和PTR中，由于施用除草剂，微生物种群在播种/移栽后7天内出现初始下降，然后在播种/移栽后28天内增加。施用苄嘧磺隆0.6% + 丙草胺6%（苗前）和双草醚（苗后）除草剂后，土壤微生物和酶状况有所下降，但随后又随作物生长呈上升趋势。在涉及作物种植方式的处理之间，酶活性和微生物数量也存在显著差异。研究表明，由于有利条件，有机杂草管理下的未翻耕移栽水稻中微生物种群和酶活性得到改善，而化学除草最初会影响微生物种群和活性。
