Singh Naveen K, Sidhu Gurpreet K, Gupta Kuldeep
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Biomedicines. 2022 Mar 22;10(4):743. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10040743.
OIRD (opioid-induced respiratory depression) remains a significant public health concern due to clinically indicated and illicit opioid use. Respiratory depression is the sine qua non of opioid toxicity, and early detection is critical for reversal using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. In addition to respiratory monitoring devices such as pulse oximetry, capnography, and contactless monitoring systems, novel implantable sensors and detection systems such as optical detection and electrochemical detection techniques are being developed to identify the presence of opioids both in vivo and within the environment. These new technologies will not only monitor for signs and symptoms of OIRD but also serve as a mechanism to alert and assist first responders and lay rescuers. The current opioid epidemic brings to the forefront the need for additional accessible means of detection and diagnosis. Rigorous evaluation of safety, efficacy, and acceptability will be necessary for both new and established technologies to have an impact on morbidity and mortality associated with opioid toxicity. Here, we summarized existing and advanced technologies for opioid detection and OIRD management with a focus on recent advancements in wearable and implantable opioid detection. We expect that this review will serve as a complete informative reference for the researchers and healthcare professionals working on the subject and allied fields.
由于临床使用和非法使用阿片类药物，阿片类药物引起的呼吸抑制（OIRD）仍然是一个重大的公共卫生问题。呼吸抑制是阿片类药物毒性的必要条件，早期检测对于使用药物和非药物干预措施进行逆转至关重要。除了诸如脉搏血氧饱和度测定、二氧化碳描记法和非接触式监测系统等呼吸监测设备外，新型可植入传感器和检测系统，如光学检测和电化学检测技术，也正在开发中，以识别体内和环境中的阿片类药物。这些新技术不仅将监测OIRD的体征和症状，还将作为一种机制，提醒并协助急救人员和现场救援人员。当前的阿片类药物流行凸显了对更多可及的检测和诊断手段的需求。对于新技术和现有技术而言，要对与阿片类药物毒性相关的发病率和死亡率产生影响，就必须对其安全性、有效性和可接受性进行严格评估。在此，我们总结了用于阿片类药物检测和OIRD管理的现有技术和先进技术，重点关注可穿戴和可植入阿片类药物检测的最新进展。我们期望这篇综述能为从事该主题及相关领域研究的人员和医疗保健专业人员提供完整的信息参考。
