Mafra Isabel, Honrado Mónica, Amaral Joana S
REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
CIMO, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
Foods. 2022 Apr 13;11(8):1124. doi: 10.3390/foods11081124.
Milk is one of the most important nutritious foods, widely consumed worldwide, either in its natural form or via dairy products. Currently, several economic, health and ethical issues emphasize the need for a more frequent and rigorous quality control of dairy products and the importance of detecting adulterations in these products. For this reason, several conventional and advanced techniques have been proposed, aiming at detecting and quantifying eventual adulterations, preferentially in a rapid, cost-effective, easy to implement, sensitive and specific way. They have relied mostly on electrophoretic, chromatographic and immunoenzymatic techniques. More recently, mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods (near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and front face fluorescence coupled to chemometrics), DNA analysis (real-time PCR, high-resolution melting analysis, next generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR) and biosensors have been advanced as innovative tools for dairy product authentication. Milk substitution from high-valued species with lower-cost bovine milk is one of the most frequent adulteration practices. Therefore, this review intends to describe the most relevant developments regarding the current and advanced analytical methodologies applied to species authentication of milk and dairy products.
牛奶是最重要的营养食品之一，在全球范围内广泛消费，无论是以天然形式还是通过乳制品。目前，一些经济、健康和伦理问题凸显了对乳制品进行更频繁、更严格质量控制的必要性，以及检测这些产品掺假的重要性。因此，人们提出了几种传统和先进技术，旨在检测和量化可能的掺假情况，最好是以快速、经济高效、易于实施、灵敏且特异的方式进行。这些技术主要依赖于电泳、色谱和免疫酶技术。最近，质谱、光谱方法（近红外（NIR）、中红外（MIR）、核磁共振（NMR）以及与化学计量学相结合的前表面荧光）、DNA分析（实时PCR、高分辨率熔解分析、下一代测序和数字液滴PCR）以及生物传感器已成为乳制品认证的创新工具。用低成本的牛奶替代高价值品种的牛奶是最常见的掺假行为之一。因此，本综述旨在描述应用于牛奶和乳制品物种鉴定的当前和先进分析方法的最相关进展。
