Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (NIAVA), Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Apr 7;12:867446. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.867446. eCollection 2022.
Anthropogenic pollution has a huge impact on the water quality of marine ecosystems. Heavy metals and antibiotics are anthropogenic stressors that have a major effect on the health of the marine organisms. Although heavy metals are also associate with volcanic eruptions, wind erosion or evaporation, most of them come from industrial and urban waste. Such contamination, coupled to the use and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials in aquatic environments, is an important stress factor capable of affecting the marine communities in the ecosystem. Bivalves are important ecological components of the oceanic environments and can bioaccumulate pollutants during their feeding through water filtration, acting as environmental sentinels. However, heavy metals and antibiotics pollution can affect several of their physiologic and immunological processes, including their microbiome. In fact, heavy metals and antibiotics have the potential to select resistance genes in bacteria, including those that are part of the microbiota of bivalves, such as spp. Worryingly, antibiotic-resistant phenotypes have been shown to be more tolerant to heavy metals, and , which probably occurs through co- and cross-resistance pathways. In this regard, a crucial role of heavy metal resistance genes in the spread of mobile element-mediated antibiotic resistance has been suggested. Thus, it might be expected that antibiotic resistance of spp. associated with bivalves would be higher in contaminated environments. In this review, we focused on co-occurrence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in spp. In addition, we explore the Chilean situation with respect to the contaminants described above, focusing on the main bivalves-producing region for human consumption, considering bivalves as potential vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes to humans through the ingestion of contaminated seafood.
人为污染对海洋生态系统的水质有巨大影响。重金属和抗生素是人为压力源，对海洋生物的健康有重大影响。虽然重金属也与火山爆发、风蚀或蒸发有关，但它们大多来自工业和城市废物。这种污染，加上抗生素在水生环境中的使用和随后的滥用，是一个重要的应激因素，能够影响生态系统中的海洋生物群落。双壳类动物是海洋环境的重要生态组成部分，它们可以通过水过滤在进食过程中生物积累污染物，充当环境哨兵。然而，重金属和抗生素污染会影响它们的几个生理和免疫过程，包括它们的微生物组。事实上，重金属和抗生素有可能在细菌中选择耐药基因，包括那些双壳类动物微生物群的一部分，如 spp.。令人担忧的是，抗生素耐药表型对重金属的耐受性更高，这可能是通过共同和交叉耐药途径发生的。在这方面，有人提出重金属耐药基因在移动元件介导的抗生素耐药性传播中的关键作用。因此，可以预期与双壳类动物相关的 spp. 的抗生素耐药性在受污染的环境中会更高。在这篇综述中，我们重点研究了 spp. 中重金属和抗生素耐药性的共同发生。此外，我们还探讨了智利在上述污染物方面的情况，重点关注了智利主要的双壳类动物生产区，考虑到双壳类动物通过摄入受污染的海鲜，可能成为人类抗生素耐药基因的潜在载体。
