Buu-Hoi A, Goldstein F W, Acar J F
Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1986;49:46-55.
Populations of resistant bacteria emerge by the operation of selective pressure on resistant bacteria. The acquisition of resistance by sensitive bacteria is dependent upon the genetic determinant of the resistance, and its ability to move between different bacterial cells and within cells between different replicons. In contrast to chromosomal mediated resistance, plasmids and transposable elements coding for resistance to antibiotics have been the major factors in the spread of resistance and the prevalence of resistant bacteria in humans, farm animals and poultry. Different types of R-factors can be described. Resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, trimethoprim, erythromycin may exemplify epidemiological aspects of resistance genes in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The ecological destiny of resistant bacterial populations suggests the role of other factors than antibiotic resistance: characters of a particular host, host-plasmid relationship and properties which may lead to survival and adaptation in a given niche.
耐药菌群体是通过对耐药菌施加选择压力而产生的。敏感菌获得耐药性取决于耐药性的遗传决定因素，以及其在不同细菌细胞之间和细胞内不同复制子之间移动的能力。与染色体介导的耐药性不同，编码抗生素耐药性的质粒和转座元件一直是耐药性传播以及人类、农场动物和家禽中耐药菌流行的主要因素。可以描述不同类型的R因子。对氨苄西林、四环素、氯霉素、庆大霉素、甲氧苄啶、红霉素的耐药性可例证革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌中耐药基因的流行病学特征。耐药菌群体的生态命运表明，除了抗生素耐药性之外，还有其他因素发挥作用：特定宿主的特征、宿主-质粒关系以及可能导致在特定生态位中生存和适应的特性。
