Barnett Mitchell J, Lindfelt Tristan, Doroudgar Shadi, Chan Emily, Ip Eric J
Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Clinical Sciences Department, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States of America.
Epocrates Medical Information, athenahealth, Inc., 311 Arsenal Street, Watertown, MA 02472, United States of America.
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2022 Feb 7;5:100112. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100112. eCollection 2022 Mar.
Changes in demographics and composition of pharmacy faculty, along with faculty perceived stress, work-life balance and career satisfaction have yet to be fully documented.
To compare recent results from a national survey of work-life balance and career satisfaction of United States (U.S.) pharmacy faculty with results obtained from a similar survey from 2012.
A 46-item anonymous survey administered via Qualtrics (Provo, UT) was sent to members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) in 2018. Information regarding demographics, stress, work-life balance, career satisfaction and intent to leave academia was collected. Although not part of the previous survey, participant information related to bullying and abuse in the pharmacy academic work was also gathered. While actual -values are reported for all comparisons, a more conservative p-value of 0.01 was chosen a priori to indicate significance as multiple comparisons were made.
A total of 1090 pharmacy faculty completed the survey, comparable to the number obtained in 2012 ( = 811). Overall response rates were similar for both years. The majority of pharmacy faculty in 2018 were female, white, married or with partner, worked in a pharmacy practice department and for a public institution. Notable differences between surveys included an increase in females, more associate professors and an increase in non-white faculty in 2018, relative to 2012. Stress, as measured by mean Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores was also significantly higher in 2018 (16.0 ± 6.6 vs. 13.5 ± 6.7, < 0.01) relative to 2012. Faculty from 2018 were significantly less likely to report an intention to remain in academia (61.8% vs 86.3%, p < 0.01), relative to 2012. A sizable number of pharmacy faculty surveyed in 2018 also reported observing or experiencing hostility in the workplace, which included either bullying or verbal or physical abuse.
The makeup of pharmacy educators has evolved quickly over the last several years to comprise more female and associate professors who work within a pharmacy practice department. Also noteworthy is the significant increase in self-reported stress over the six-year timeframe. The direct implications of these findings are unknown but suggest that pharmacy academia is maturing in rank and changing to reflect the current pharmacy workforce (i.e., more females and additional clinical practice roles). Increases in responsibility likely accompany these maturing roles and may, along with other factors, contribute to the observed changes in the reported stress levels among faculty. Further research is called for regarding the reported hostility in pharmacy academic workplace and dovetails with concurrent work being done on citizenship and organizational citizenship behavior among pharmacy faculty. Findings of the study may aid pharmacy school administrators and stakeholders with plans to recruit, develop and retain faculty.
药学教师的人口统计学特征和构成变化，以及教师感知到的压力、工作与生活的平衡和职业满意度尚未得到充分记录。
比较美国药学教师工作与生活平衡及职业满意度全国性调查的近期结果与2012年类似调查的结果。
2018年，通过Qualtrics（犹他州普罗沃）进行了一项46项的匿名调查，并发送给美国药学院协会（AACP）的成员。收集了有关人口统计学、压力、工作与生活平衡、职业满意度以及离开学术界意向的信息。虽然这不是之前调查的一部分，但也收集了与药学学术工作中的欺凌和虐待相关的参与者信息。尽管所有比较都报告了实际p值，但由于进行了多次比较，因此预先选择了更为保守的p值0.01来表示显著性。
共有1090名药学教师完成了调查，与2012年获得的人数（n = 811）相当。两年的总体回复率相似。2018年，大多数药学教师为女性、白人、已婚或有伴侣，在药学实践部门工作，且就职于公立机构。与2012年相比，调查之间的显著差异包括女性人数增加、副教授增多以及2018年非白人教师增加。以平均感知压力量表（PSS）得分衡量的压力在2018年也显著高于2012年（16.0±6.6对13.5±6.7，p<0.01）。与2012年相比，2018年的教师表示留在学术界的意向显著降低（61.8%对86.3%，p<0.01）。2018年接受调查的相当一部分药学教师还报告在工作场所观察到或经历过敌意行为，包括欺凌、言语或身体虐待。
在过去几年中，药学教育工作者的构成迅速演变，包括更多在药学实践部门工作的女性和副教授。同样值得注意的是，在这六年时间里，自我报告的压力显著增加。这些发现的直接影响尚不清楚，但表明药学院在等级上正在成熟，并发生变化以反映当前的药学劳动力情况（即更多女性和更多临床实践角色）。随着这些角色的成熟，责任可能增加，这可能与其他因素一起导致教师报告的压力水平发生变化。需要进一步研究药学学术工作场所报告的敌意行为，并与同时开展有关药学院教师公民意识和组织公民行为的工作相契合。该研究结果可能有助于药学院管理人员和利益相关者制定招聘、培养和留住教师的计划。
