Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Jun 1;237:113563. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113563. Epub 2022 Apr 26.
As the use of pesticides increases year after year, so does the level of residual pesticides in the aquatic environment, posing a serious threat to non-target organisms. Difenoconazole (DFZ), a class of long-lasting fungicides and residues in the marine environment, has been shown to cause damaging effects on different organs of aquatic organisms. However, there is no research on the damage of DFZ to carp spleen tissue. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxic effects of DFZ on the spleen tissue of carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing juvenile carp to environmentally relevant concentrations of DFZ. We randomly selected 30 carp, divided them into the Control, Low, and High groups, and then exposed the three groups to 0, 0.488 mg/L DFZ, and 1.953 mg/L DFZ for 96 h respectively. We then investigated the toxic effects caused by DFZ on carp and spleen tissues by detecting changes in spleen histopathologic damage, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood biochemical parameters. We found that DFZ causes severe histopathology in spleen tissue, including ballooning, structural relaxation, and giant mitochondria. In addition, we found that DFZ caused excessive apoptosis in spleen tissue by TUNEL staining and expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, fas, bax, bcl-2, and p53). The activities and transcript levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were significantly down-regulated. In addition, DFZ led to a significant increase in activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines il-6, il-1β, and tnf-α, and a substantial decrease in mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines il-10 and tgf-β1 in spleen tissue. Blood biochemical parameters showed that DFZ exposure significantly reduced erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, C3, and IgM levels. Collectively, DFZ exposure induced apoptosis, immunosuppression, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the spleen tissue of carp, resulting in spleen tissue damage.
随着农药使用量逐年增加，水环境中残留农药的水平也随之升高，对非目标生物构成严重威胁。 苯醚甲环唑（DFZ）作为一种长效杀菌剂，在海洋环境中残留，已被证明对水生生物的不同器官造成破坏性影响。然而，目前还没有研究表明 DFZ 对鲤鱼脾脏组织的损伤。本研究通过将幼年鲤鱼暴露于环境相关浓度的 DFZ 中，旨在研究 DFZ 对鲤鱼脾脏组织的急性毒性作用。我们随机选择 30 条鲤鱼，将其分为对照组、低浓度组和高浓度组，然后分别将这三组暴露于 0、0.488 mg/L 和 1.953 mg/L 的 DFZ 中 96 小时。然后，我们通过检测鲤鱼和脾脏组织的病理组织学损伤、细胞凋亡、氧化应激、炎症和血液生化参数的变化，研究了 DFZ 对鲤鱼和脾脏组织造成的毒性作用。结果表明，DFZ 导致鲤鱼脾脏组织严重的病理变化，包括气球样变、结构松弛和巨大线粒体。此外，通过 TUNEL 染色和凋亡相关基因（caspase3、caspase8、caspase9、fas、bax、bcl-2 和 p53）的表达水平，我们发现 DFZ 导致脾脏组织中发生过度凋亡。抗氧化酶 SOD、CAT 和 GSH-Px 的活性和转录水平显著下调。此外，DFZ 导致 NF-κB 信号通路的显著激活，促炎细胞因子 il-6、il-1β 和 tnf-α 的 mRNA 水平显著升高，而抗炎细胞因子 il-10 和 tgf-β1 的 mRNA 水平显著降低。血液生化参数显示，DFZ 暴露显著降低了红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白、C3 和 IgM 水平。综上所述，DFZ 暴露诱导鲤鱼脾脏组织发生细胞凋亡、免疫抑制、氧化应激和炎症反应，导致脾脏组织损伤。
