Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Aug 20;835:155596. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155596. Epub 2022 Apr 29.
Lower socioeconomic status (SES) and elevated psychosocial stress are known contributors to adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, biological mechanisms linking these factors to adverse pregnancy outcomes are not well-characterized. Oxidative stress may be an important, yet understudied mechanistic pathway. We used a pooled study design to examine biological, behavioral, and social factors as predictors of prenatal oxidative stress biomarkers.
Leveraging four pregnancy cohorts from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program spanning multiple geographic regions across the United States (U.S.) (N = 2082), we measured biomarkers of oxidative stress in urine samples at up to three time points during pregnancy, including 8-isoprostane-prostaglandin F (8-isoPGF), its major metabolite, 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F-isoprostane, and prostaglandin F (PGF). Maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, marital/partnered status, parity, and smoking status were included as biological and behavioral factors while race/ethnicity, maternal education, and stressful life events were considered social factors. We examined associations between each individual biological, behavioral, and social factor with oxidative stress biomarkers using multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models.
Numerous biological, behavioral, and social factors were associated with elevated levels of 8-isoPGF, its major metabolite, and PGF. Pregnant people who were current smokers relative to non-smokers or had less than a high school education relative to a college degree had 11.04% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.97%, 25.77%) and 9.13% (95% CI = -1.02%, 20.32%) higher levels of 8-isoPGF, respectively.
Oxidative stress biomarkers are elevated among pregnant people with higher socioeconomic disadvantage and may represent one pathway linking biological, behavioral, and social factors to adverse pregnancy and child health outcomes, which should be explored in future work.
较低的社会经济地位（SES）和较高的心理社会压力是导致不良妊娠结局的已知因素；然而，将这些因素与不良妊娠结局联系起来的生物学机制尚未得到很好的描述。氧化应激可能是一个重要但研究不足的机制途径。我们使用汇总研究设计来研究生物、行为和社会因素作为产前氧化应激生物标志物的预测因子。
利用美国多个地理区域的环境对儿童健康结局的影响（ECHO）计划中的四个妊娠队列（N=2082），我们在妊娠期间最多三个时间点测量尿液样本中的氧化应激生物标志物，包括 8-异前列腺素 F（8-isoPGF）、其主要代谢物 2,3-二去-5,6-二氢-15-F-异前列腺素和前列腺素 F（PGF）。将母亲年龄、孕前体重指数、婚姻/伴侣状况、产次和吸烟状况作为生物和行为因素纳入，而种族/民族、母亲教育和生活应激事件则被认为是社会因素。我们使用多变量调整的线性混合模型检查每个个体的生物、行为和社会因素与氧化应激生物标志物之间的关联。
许多生物、行为和社会因素与 8-isoPGF、其主要代谢物和 PGF 的水平升高有关。与不吸烟者相比，当前吸烟者或与大学学历相比，高中以下学历者的 8-isoPGF 水平分别高出 11.04%（95%置信区间[CI]：-1.97%，25.77%）和 9.13%（95% CI：-1.02%，20.32%）。
氧化应激生物标志物在社会经济地位较低的孕妇中升高，这可能代表了将生物、行为和社会因素与不良妊娠和儿童健康结局联系起来的一个途径，这在未来的工作中应该进一步探讨。
