Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México.
CONACYT-Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México.
Viral Immunol. 2022 Jul;35(6):392-403. doi: 10.1089/vim.2021.0199. Epub 2022 May 3.
Zika virus (ZIKV) infections have gained notoriety due to congenital abnormalities. Pregnant women have a greater risk of ZIKV infection and consequent transmission to their progeny due to the immunological changes associated with pregnancy. ZIKV has been detected in amniotic fluid, as well as in fetal and neonatal tissues of infected pregnant women. However, the mechanism by which ZIKV reaches the fetus is not well understood. The four dengue virus serotypes have been the most widely used flaviviruses to elucidate the host-cell entry pathways. Nevertheless, it is of increasing interest to understand the specific interaction between ZIKV and the host cell, especially in the gestation period. Herein, the authors describe the mechanisms of prenatal vertical infection of ZIKV based on results from , and studies, including murine models and nonhuman primates. It also includes up-to-date knowledge from and natural infections in pregnant women explaining the vertical transmission along four tracks: transplacental, paracellular, transcytosis mediated by extracellular vesicles, and paraplacental route and the antibody-dependent enhancement process. A global understanding of the diverse pathways used by ZIKV to cross the placental barrier and access the fetus, along with a better comprehension of the pathogenesis of ZIKV in pregnant females, may constitute a fundamental role in the design of antiviral drugs to reduce congenital disabilities associated with ZIKV.
寨卡病毒（ZIKV）感染因其先天性异常而声名狼藉。孕妇由于与妊娠相关的免疫变化，感染寨卡病毒的风险更大，并且会将病毒传染给后代。已经在羊水以及感染孕妇的胎儿和新生儿组织中检测到寨卡病毒。然而，寨卡病毒到达胎儿的机制尚不清楚。四种登革热病毒血清型已被广泛用于阐明黄病毒的宿主细胞进入途径。然而，了解寨卡病毒与宿主细胞之间的特定相互作用，特别是在妊娠期间，越来越受到关注。本文作者根据 、 和 研究的结果，包括鼠模型和非人类灵长类动物，描述了寨卡病毒产前垂直感染的机制。它还包括来自 和孕妇自然感染的最新知识，解释了沿四条途径进行垂直传播的过程：胎盘间、细胞旁、细胞外囊泡介导的转胞吞作用以及副胎盘途径和抗体依赖性增强过程。全面了解寨卡病毒穿过胎盘屏障并进入胎儿的多种途径，以及更好地理解寨卡病毒在孕妇中的发病机制，可能在设计抗病毒药物以减少与寨卡病毒相关的先天性残疾方面发挥重要作用。
