Department of Public Health Sciences, 2462University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Inquiry. 2022 Jan-Dec;59:469580221100165. doi: 10.1177/00469580221100165.
Childhood obesity rates in Western developed countries are rapidly increasing. While research shows that eating more fruits and vegetables (FV) is a preventive measure, children do not eat adequate amounts of FV. Marketing of high salt, fat, and sugar foods influences children's eating behaviors, decreases FV consumption, and is prevalent in children's surroundings. Garnering the power of ads on children, a potential solution for increasing FV consumption is FV marketing/advertising. Schools can serve as a viable option for testing this advertising because a significant amount of children's time is spent in school settings. However, research surrounding the use of FV advertising in schools is lacking in a consensus on the most effective methodologies.
This paper reviewed existing research on FV advertising in schools and proposed directions for future research surrounding methodology and experimental design.
STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched with variations of the terms "vegetable," "marketing," "advertisements," "consumption," and "schools" (eg, "vegetable consumption AND advertisements AND schools". Study inclusion criteria were: conducted in school settings, used FV marketing as primary intervention, and measured change in FV consumption or preference.
MEASURABLE OUTCOME/ANALYSIS: This review qualitatively compared the studies' participant demographics, methodologies, and measures of success, and evaluated the studies' strengths and weaknesses.
Of the 38 articles reviewed, 8 met the inclusion criteria. Five studies examined elementary school populations; 4 were conducted in cafeterias. Major forms of advertising/interventions were print media, video media, and classroom education interventions, of which print media was the most widely used. Three articles utilized change in consumption of FV as a measure of success, while others measured change in preference. All studies reported increased consumption/preference in at least 1 intervention during or immediately after the intervention. However, only 4 studies conducted follow-up testing.
FV advertisements in schools appear to be effective in increasing FV consumption among children. To develop implementable advertising, future studies should maintain cohesive methodologies by controlling for novelty effects, conducting follow-up testing, and measuring actual FV consumption rather than preference.
在西方发达国家，儿童肥胖率正在迅速上升。虽然研究表明多吃水果和蔬菜（FV）是一种预防措施，但儿童并没有摄入足够的 FV。高盐、高脂肪和高糖食品的营销影响了儿童的饮食行为，减少了 FV 的消费，并且在儿童的周围环境中很普遍。利用广告对儿童的影响力，增加 FV 消费的一种潜在解决方案是 FV 营销/广告。学校可以作为测试这种广告的可行选择，因为儿童在学校环境中花费了大量的时间。然而，关于在学校使用 FV 广告的研究缺乏对最有效方法的共识。
本文回顾了现有的关于学校 FV 广告的研究，并为未来的研究提出了关于方法和实验设计的方向。
研究设计、地点、参与者：在 PubMed 和 PsycINFO 数据库中，使用了各种术语搜索，如“蔬菜”、“营销”、“广告”、“消费”和“学校”（例如，“蔬菜消费 AND 广告 AND 学校”）。研究纳入标准为：在学校环境中进行，使用 FV 营销作为主要干预措施，并测量 FV 消费或偏好的变化。
可测量的结果/分析：本综述对研究的参与者人口统计学、方法和成功措施进行了定性比较，并评估了研究的优缺点。
在审查的 38 篇文章中，有 8 篇符合纳入标准。五项研究调查了小学人群；四项研究在自助餐厅进行。主要的广告/干预形式是印刷媒体、视频媒体和课堂教育干预，其中印刷媒体使用最广泛。三篇文章利用 FV 消费的变化作为成功的衡量标准，而其他文章则衡量偏好的变化。所有研究都报告了在干预期间或干预后至少有 1 项干预措施增加了消费/偏好。然而，只有 4 项研究进行了随访测试。
学校的 FV 广告似乎能有效增加儿童对 FV 的消费。为了制定可实施的广告，未来的研究应该通过控制新颖性效应、进行后续测试和测量实际的 FV 消费而不是偏好来保持一致的方法。
