Sargazi Saman, Er Simge, Mobashar Aisha, Gelen Sultan Sacide, Rahdar Abbas, Ebrahimi Narges, Hosseinikhah Seyedeh Maryam, Bilal Muhammad, Kyzas George Z
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 98167-43463, Iran.
Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
Chem Biol Interact. 2022 Jul 1;361:109964. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109964. Epub 2022 May 2.
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that link to various substrates with great affinity and selectivity, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, cells, and tissues. For this reason, they can be used as imaging agents for cancer imaging techniques. Multifunctional nanomaterials combined with imaging probes and drugs are promising cancer diagnosis and treatment candidates. On the other hand, carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes, carbon-based quantum dots, carbon nanohorns, graphene oxide and its derivatives carbon nanodots, and nanodiamonds, are sort of smart materials that can be used in a variety of theranostic applications, including photo-triggered therapies. The remarkable physical characteristics, functionalizable chemistry, biocompatibility, and optical properties of these nanoparticles have enabled their utilization in less-invasive therapies. The theranostic agents that emerged by combining aptamers with CNMs have opened a novel alternative for personified medicine of cancer, target-specific imaging, and label-free diagnosis of a broad range of cancers, as well as pathogens. Aptamer-functionalized CNMs have been used as nanovesicles for targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents (i.e., doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil) to tumor sites. Furthermore, these CNMs conjugated with aptamers have shown great advantages over standard CNMs to sensitively detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter freundii. Regrettably, CNMs can form compounds defined as NOAA (nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates larger than 100 nm), that accumulate in the body and cause toxic effects. Surface modification and pretreatment with albumin avoid agglomeration and increase the dispersibility of CNMs, so it is needed to guarantee the desirable interactions between functionalized CNMs and blood plasma proteins. This preliminary review aimed to comprehensively discuss the features and uses of aptamer-conjugated CNMs to manage cancer and bacterial infections.
适体是单链寡核苷酸，能以高亲和力和选择性与各种底物结合，包括小分子、肽、蛋白质、细胞和组织。因此，它们可用作癌症成像技术的成像剂。结合成像探针和药物的多功能纳米材料是很有前景的癌症诊断和治疗候选物。另一方面，碳基纳米材料（CNMs），如富勒烯、碳纳米管、碳基量子点、碳纳米角、氧化石墨烯及其衍生物碳纳米点和纳米金刚石，是一类智能材料，可用于包括光触发疗法在内的各种治疗诊断应用。这些纳米颗粒卓越的物理特性、可功能化的化学性质、生物相容性和光学性质使其能够用于微创治疗。将适体与CNMs结合产生的治疗诊断剂为癌症个性化医疗、靶向特异性成像以及多种癌症和病原体的无标记诊断开辟了新途径。适体功能化的CNMs已被用作纳米囊泡，用于将抗癌剂（如阿霉素和5-氟尿嘧啶）靶向递送至肿瘤部位。此外，这些与适体结合的CNMs在灵敏检测结核分枝杆菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和弗氏柠檬酸杆菌方面比标准CNMs显示出更大优势。遗憾的是，CNMs可形成被定义为NOAA（纳米物体及其大于100 nm的聚集体和团聚体）的化合物，它们在体内蓄积并产生毒性作用。用白蛋白进行表面修饰和预处理可避免团聚并增加CNMs的分散性，因此需要确保功能化CNMs与血浆蛋白之间具有理想的相互作用。这篇初步综述旨在全面讨论适体共轭CNMs在管理癌症和细菌感染方面的特点及用途。
