Electricity consumption variation of public buildings in response to COVID-19 restriction and easing policies: A case study in Scotland, U.K.

A growing number of studies have showed energy demand changes during COVID-19; this study aims to further disclose the impact of the restriction and easing policies on the energy consumption of public buildings where occupants' usage and activities are regulated in response to the pandemic. This study analyzes half-hourly electricity consumption data of 35 public buildings covering 6 building types in the Perth and Kinross Council area in Scotland, U.K., over the span of 2020 and 2021. The results show that the restriction has a greater impact on the electricity reduction in the first year of the pandemic than that in the second year. In response to the restriction, the electricity use intensity of all public buildings reduces significantly (p < 0.001) except office buildings with no significant reduction (p > 0.05); secondary schools have the highest electricity consumption reduction (275.04 kwh/day), while museums have the lowest reduction (58.62 kwh/day). In addition, the electricity consumption and electricity use intensity of museum, library and school buildings are inversely proportional to the restriction intensity, while this is opposite for office buildings. Combing restriction intensity and mobility data, this research reveals the different impacts of the restriction policies on the electricity consumption of public buildings during the pandemic, which reflects people's changing attitudes and behaviors towards COVID-19. The results provide a reference basis for energy management to develop more realistic energy demand policies based on public building types and to optimize the electricity supply load and energy profile during the COVID-19 pandemic.