Ali Mohsen M M, Zhao Hongtao, Li Zhongyu, Maglas Najeeb N M
Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University Harbin 150001 China
National Atomic Energy Commission-Yemen Sana'a Yemen.
RSC Adv. 2019 Nov 29;9(67):39201-39229. doi: 10.1039/c9ra06086c. eCollection 2019 Nov 27.
Crude oil and its products and wastes are among the significant sources of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). These materials may be enhanced to high levels due to technological and human activities, which are called technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORMs). Thus, the average radioactivity of these radionuclides sometimes exceeds the exemption level of 10 000 Bq kg, which is recommended by the IAEA's safety standards. TENORMs in the oil and gas industry may generate greater radioactivity levels, which eventually represents potential environmental and health risks. This will require continuous attention by monitoring and surveillance during routine processes in the petroleum industry. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the published literature is conducted to evaluate the TENORM concentrations in the oil and gas industry. Moreover, their environmental and health hazards in different regions of the world are discussed.
原油及其产品和废物是天然存在的放射性物质（NORMs）的重要来源之一。由于技术和人类活动，这些物质可能会增加到很高的水平，这被称为技术增强型天然存在的放射性物质（TENORMs）。因此，这些放射性核素的平均放射性有时会超过国际原子能机构安全标准建议的10 000 Bq/kg的豁免水平。石油和天然气行业中的TENORMs可能会产生更高的放射性水平，最终带来潜在的环境和健康风险。这就需要在石油行业的日常流程中通过监测和监督持续予以关注。本文对已发表的文献进行了全面综述，以评估石油和天然气行业中TENORMs的浓度。此外，还讨论了它们在世界不同地区的环境和健康危害。
