Environmentally safe (chlorine-free): new green propellant formulation based on 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate and HTPB.

A new green (chlorine-free) high energy dense oxidizer (HEDO) 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate (TNEF) and its propellant formulation based on the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as a binder was prepared and studied. The new oxidizer TNEF was successfully prepared and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and FTIR spectrometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to check the crystal morphology of the oxidizer. A high specific impulse ( = 250.1 s) was obtained from the characteristics calculation of the new oxidizer instead of ( = 156.9 s) for the commonly used ammonium perchlorate (AP) by using EXPLO5_V6.03 software. The burning behavior and the burning rate were determined by using a high speed camera. TNEF and the propellant formulations were studied by using nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the kinetic parameters of the studied samples were determined by using isoconversional (model-free) methods "Kissinger, Ozawa and Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS)". The results proved that the new oxidizer and its formulation based on HTPB have chlorine-free decomposition products and have higher performance characteristics than the traditional propellants.