Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich (PUK), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2022;57:483-501. doi: 10.1007/7854_2022_346.
Although research using animal models, peripheral and clinical biomarkers, multimodal neuroimaging techniques and (epi)genetic information has advanced our understanding of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the aetiopathology of this neurodevelopmental disorder has still not been elucidated. Moreover, as the primary affected tissue is the brain, access to samples is problematic. Alternative models are therefore required, facilitating cellular and molecular analysis. Recent developments in stem cell research have introduced the possibility to reprogram somatic cells from patients, in this case ADHD, and healthy controls back into their pluripotent state, meaning that they can then be differentiated into any cell or tissue type. The potential to translate patients' somatic cells into stem cells, and thereafter to use 2- and 3-dimensional (2D and 3D) neuronal cells to model neurodevelopmental disorders and/or test novel drug therapeutics, is discussed in this chapter.
虽然使用动物模型、外周和临床生物标志物、多模态神经影像学技术和（表观）遗传学信息的研究已经增进了我们对注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的理解，但这种神经发育障碍的病因仍然没有阐明。此外，由于主要受影响的组织是大脑，因此获取样本存在问题。因此，需要替代模型，以促进细胞和分子分析。最近的干细胞研究进展引入了将患者（在这种情况下为 ADHD）和健康对照者的体细胞重新编程为多能状态的可能性，这意味着它们随后可以分化为任何细胞或组织类型。本章讨论了将患者的体细胞转化为干细胞，然后使用 2 维和 3 维（2D 和 3D）神经元细胞来模拟神经发育障碍和/或测试新的药物治疗方法的潜力。
