Lipid Metabolic Disorder Induced by Pyrethroids in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease of .

Pyrethroids, an effective and widely used class of pesticides, have attracted considerable concerns considering their frequent detection in environmental matrices. However, their potential health risks to amphibians remain unclear. In our study, female were exposed to 0, 0.06, and 0.3 μg/L typical pyrethroid, -bifenthrin (-BF), for 3 months. Elevated activities of both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were observed, indicating an ongoing liver injury. Furthermore, exposure to -BF led to hyperlipidemia and lipid accumulation in the liver of . The targeted lipidomic analysis further revealed that treatment with -BF perturbed liver steroid homeostasis, as evidenced by the enriched lipids in the steroid biosynthesis pathway. Consistent with the targeted lipidomic result, treatment with -BF changed the liver transcriptome profile with induction of 808 and 1230 differentially expressed genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis underlined the adverse effects of -BF exposure on steroid biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and the PPAR signaling pathway in the liver. Taken together, our study revealed that exposure to -BF at environmentally relevant concentrations resulted in lipid metabolic disorder associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease of , and our results provided new insight into the potential long-term hazards of pyrethroids.