Biofilm activity, ammonia removal and cell growth of the heterotrophic nitrifier, sp., facilitated by exogenous -acyl-homoserine lactones.

In the present study, the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain, sp. JQ1004, was treated with three typical -acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules (C6-HSL, C8-HSL, and 3-oxo-C10-HSL) during the nitrogen removal process. The effects of AHLs on biofilm formation, flocculation, extracellular polymeric substance characteristics, and nitrogen removal were investigated. Findings revealed that low concentrations of these three AHLs could promote ammonia removal and cell growth as follows: C8-HSL > C6-HSL > 3-oxo-C10-HSL, whereas high concentrations suppressed nitrogen removal. Transcript levels of the gene in the heterotrophic nitrification process were detected by real-time PCR, indicating that the addition of each AHL with 10 nmol L could stimulate expression of . Notably, the addition of C6-HSL at relative lowly concentrations significantly accelerated biofilm formation and self-aggregation of strain JQ1004. Many microbial-flocs were observed between cells using scanning electron microscopy when strains were dosed with 10 nmol L C6-HSL. Excitation emission matrix spectra revealed that the addition of C6-HSL and C8-HSL at 10 nmol L did not change the components and structures of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), but the fluorescence intensity of various components increased substantially. However, the addition of 3-oxo-C10-HSL reduced the fluorescence strength of EPS, which had no remarkable effect on biofilm formation, self-aggregation, and nitrogen removal of the strain.