Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
Molecules. 2022 Apr 24;27(9):2739. doi: 10.3390/molecules27092739.
Rapid and highly sensitive determination of clozapine (CLZ), a psychotropic drug for the treatment of refractory schizophrenia, in patients is of great significance to reduce the risk of disease recurrence. However, direct electroanalysis of CLZ in human whole blood remains a great challenge owing to the remarkable fouling that occurs in a complex matrix. In this work, a miniaturized, integrated, disposable electrochemical sensing platform based on the integration of nanochannel arrays on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) is demonstrated. The device achieves high determination sensitivity while also offering the electrode anti-fouling and anti-interference capabilities. To enhance the electrochemical performance of SPCE, simple electrochemical polarization including anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction is applied to pretreat SPCE. The electrochemically polarized SPCE (p-SPCE) exhibits an enhanced electrochemical peak signal toward CLZ compared with bare SPCE. An electrochemically assisted self-assembly method (EASA) is utilized to conveniently electrodeposit a vertically ordered mesoporous silica nanomembrane film (VMSF) on the p-SPCE, which could further enrich CLZ through electrostatic interactions. Owing to the dual signal amplification based on the p-SPCE and VMSF nanochannels, the developed VMSF/SPCE sensor enables determination of CLZ in the range from 50 nM to 20 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 28 nM (S/N = 3). Combined with the excellent anti-fouling and anti-interference abilities of VMSF, direct and sensitive determination of CLZ in human blood is also achieved.
快速、高灵敏度地测定氯氮平（CLZ）对于降低疾病复发风险具有重要意义。CLZ 是一种用于治疗难治性精神分裂症的精神药物，但由于在复杂基质中会发生明显的污垢，因此直接在人全血中分析 CLZ 仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在这项工作中，展示了一种基于在丝网印刷碳电极（SPCE）表面集成纳米通道阵列的微型化、集成、一次性电化学传感平台。该器件在具有高测定灵敏度的同时，还提供了电极的抗污垢和抗干扰能力。为了增强 SPCE 的电化学性能，简单的电化学极化，包括阳极氧化和阴极还原，被应用于预处理 SPCE。与裸 SPCE 相比，电化学极化的 SPCE（p-SPCE）对 CLZ 表现出增强的电化学峰信号。电化学辅助自组装方法（EASA）被用于方便地在 p-SPCE 上电沉积垂直有序介孔硅纳米膜（VMSF），这可以通过静电相互作用进一步富集 CLZ。由于基于 p-SPCE 和 VMSF 纳米通道的双重信号放大，所开发的 VMSF/SPCE 传感器能够在 50 nM 至 20 μM 的范围内测定 CLZ，检测限（LOD）低至 28 nM（S/N = 3）。结合 VMSF 的优异抗污垢和抗干扰能力，还实现了人血中 CLZ 的直接和灵敏测定。
