Department of Economics, School of Economics and Management, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China.
Front Public Health. 2022 Apr 29;10:897459. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.897459. eCollection 2022.
This paper assesses the stochastic convergence of relative per capita ecological footprints within BRICS countries over the period 1961-2017 in the field of Public Health. Our initiatives have targeted ecological Indicator and health behaviors. Using the local Whittle estimator and some of its variants we assess whether relative per capita ecological footprints are long memory processes which, although highly persistent, may revert to their mean/trend in the long run thereby indicating evidence of stochastic convergence, or divergent processes in nutshell. Furthermore, we test whether (possibly) slow convergence or the complete lack of it may be the result of structural changes to the deterministics of each of the relative per capita footprint series by means of the tests of Berkes et al. (1) and Mayoral (2). For the ease of comparison, this paper assesses the stochastic convergence of relative per capita ecological capacities for BRICS as well. Our results show relatively strong evidences against stochastic convergence of ecological footprints. Furthermore, with regard to China and Russia, our results also decisively indicate that a slow or lack of convergence is the results of a structural break in the relative per capita ecological footprint series. However, our empirical researches support stochastic convergence of relative per capita ecological capacities for BRICS. In addition, we can conclude whether the per capita ecological footprints converge or not is dependent on the level of economic development, and the stochastic convergence occurs in those rich countries more probably, indicating that public health is becoming a more serious concern in developing countries.
本文评估了金砖国家公共卫生领域 1961 年至 2017 年间相对人均生态足迹的随机收敛性。我们的举措针对生态指标和健康行为。使用局部 Whittle 估计量及其变体，我们评估相对人均生态足迹是否是长期记忆过程，尽管高度持久，但可能会在长期内恢复到其均值/趋势，从而表明存在随机收敛的证据，或者简而言之，是发散过程。此外，我们通过 Berkes 等人的检验（1）和 Mayoral 的检验（2）来检验（可能）缓慢收敛或完全缺乏收敛是否是每个相对人均足迹序列的确定性结构变化的结果。为了便于比较，本文还评估了金砖国家相对人均生态能力的随机收敛性。我们的结果相对有力地证明了生态足迹不存在随机收敛。此外，就中国和俄罗斯而言，我们的结果还明确表明，相对人均生态足迹序列的结构变化导致缓慢或缺乏收敛。然而，我们的实证研究支持金砖国家相对人均生态能力的随机收敛。此外，我们可以得出结论，人均生态足迹是否收敛取决于经济发展水平，并且在富裕国家更有可能出现随机收敛，这表明公共卫生在发展中国家变得更加令人关注。
