Brain Mapping Unit, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; CIBERSAM (Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Mental Health), Spain; Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas 12), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM), Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
Cardenal Cisneros, Centro de Enseñanza Superior adscrito a la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Biol Psychol. 2022 Jul;172:108354. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108354. Epub 2022 May 13.
Cognitive flexibility is an ability that allows individuals to integrate external evidence into previous expectancies. Individual differences in this ability were examined using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), focusing on the fact that new evidence can either confirm or disprove an initial impression. Written scenarios prompted to make a prediction while either confirmatory or disconfirmatory evidence followed. A final sentence presented participants with a statement congruent with the prediction likely to have been formed based on the first statement or a statement rather congruent with corrective new evidence. A Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) test rated participants in cognitive flexibility. ERPs revealed that whereas individuals overall typically reacted to unexpected endings (a classical N400 effect) within the confirmatory evidence condition, higher cognitive flexibility scores were associated with smaller N400 effects. Furthermore, individuals showed larger P600s for disconfirmatory than confirmatory evidence conditions, regardless of the final target ending. This result indexes reanalysis processes whenever disconfirmatory evidence was present. Regression analysis of BADE scores and ERP effects are presented and discussed. Late ERP components are sensitive enough to detect new evidence integration capabilities and thus provide a good implicit measure of cognitive flexibility.
认知灵活性是一种能力，使个体能够将外部证据整合到先前的期望中。本研究使用事件相关电位（ERPs）来考察这种能力的个体差异，重点关注新证据既可以证实也可以否定初始印象的事实。书面情景提示做出预测，随后呈现证实性或否定性证据。最后一句话向参与者呈现一个与预测一致的陈述，该预测可能是基于第一个陈述或与纠正性新证据高度一致的陈述形成的。认知灵活性的偏差回避证据（BADE）测试对参与者进行了评分。ERP 结果表明，尽管个体在确认性证据条件下通常会对意外的结果做出反应（经典的 N400 效应），但较高的认知灵活性分数与较小的 N400 效应相关。此外，无论最终目标是什么，个体在否定性证据条件下的 P600 效应都大于肯定性证据条件。无论是否存在否定性证据，这一结果都反映了重新分析过程。呈现并讨论了 BADE 分数和 ERP 效应的回归分析。晚期 ERP 成分足够敏感，可以检测到新证据整合能力，因此为认知灵活性提供了良好的内隐测量。
