SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
J Med Entomol. 2022 Jul 13;59(4):1099-1143. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjac018.
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000-2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80-13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50-18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00-35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00-83.00%.
非洲动物锥虫病（AAT）是撒哈拉以南非洲牲畜的寄生虫病，造成了巨大的损失。对于大型和小型家畜的流行率、风险因素、采采蝇和非采采蝇的流行率以及耐药性，撒哈拉以南非洲大陆的估计数据均缺乏。本综述和荟萃分析旨在更好地了解 AAT 流行率和耐药性的变化。使用 Publish/Perish 软件在 Google Scholar、PubMed 和 CrossRef 中搜索和提取同行评议文章。此外，还使用了 ResearchGate 和 African Journals Online（AJOL）。根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA），对 2000-2021 年的文章进行了筛选和选择。共检索到 304 篇文章；其中 192 篇关于家畜，44 篇关于采采蝇和非采采蝇媒介，49 篇关于风险因素，30 篇关于抗锥虫药物。流行率因宿主动物的不同国家、诊断方法和种属的锥虫而有所不同。牛的感染率最高，埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚的感染率最高，检测到的主要是冈比亚锥虫（11.80-13.40%）和布氏锥虫（10.50-18.80%）。其次是骆驼和猪。最常用的诊断方法是血涂片显微镜检查。然而，聚合酶链反应（PCR）、CATT 和 ELISA 具有更高的检测率。G. pallidipes 在东部地区引起的感染最多，而 G. palpalis 在西部非洲紧随其后，其次是 G. mortisans。东部非洲报告了更多的非采采蝇吸血蝇，其中以 Stomoxys 为主。常见的风险因素包括身体状况、品种类型、年龄、性别和季节。埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚的抗锥虫药物耐药性最高，为 30.00-35.00%，AAT 流行率也最高。异米替丁和地美硝唑的耐药性更高，其中冈比亚锥虫的耐药性最高，为 11.00-83.00%。
