Integrated process analysis retrieval of changes in ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter during the COVID-19 outbreak in the coastal city of Kannur, India.

The Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was applied to evaluate the air quality in the coastal city of Kannur, India, during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown. From the Pre1 (March 1-24, 2020) period to the Lock (March 25-April 19, 2020) and Tri (April 20-May 9, 2020) periods, the Kerala state government gradually imposed a strict lockdown policy. Both the simulations and observations showed a decline in the PM concentrations and an enhancement in the O concentrations during the Lock and Tri periods compared with that in the Pre1 period. Integrated process rate (IPR) analysis was employed to isolate the contributions of the individual atmospheric processes. The results revealed that the vertical transport from the upper layers dominated the surface O formation, comprising 89.4%, 83.1%, and 88.9% of the O sources during the Pre1, Lock, and Tri periods, respectively. Photochemistry contributed negatively to the O concentrations at the surface layer. Compared with the Pre1 period, the O enhancement during the Lock period was primarily attributable to the lower negative contribution of photochemistry and the lower O removal rate by horizontal transport. During the Tri period, a slower consumption of O by gas-phase chemistry and a stronger vertical import from the upper layers to the surface accounted for the increase in O. Emission and aerosol processes constituted the major positive contributions to the net surface PM, accounting for a total of 48.7%, 38.4%, and 42.5% of PM sources during the Pre1, Lock, and Tri periods, respectively. The decreases in the PM concentrations during the Lock and Tri periods were primarily explained by the weaker PM production from emission and aerosol processes. The increased vertical transport rate of PM from the surface layer to the upper layers was also a reason for the decrease in the PM during the Lock periods.