Employee Benefit Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Research and Development Department, Leading Indicator Systems, One Franklin Street, Boston, MA, 02110, USA.
Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2024 Jun;58(2):731-756. doi: 10.1007/s12124-022-09700-9. Epub 2022 May 20.
Revisions are proposed to the taxonomic model of human motivation of Forbes (Review of General Psychology, 15(2), 85-98, 2011) in order to incorporate a heretofore missing fourth life domain, the spiritual. The growing literature on spiritual motives is systematically reviewed in accordance with literature review standards for theory development (Templier & Paré, 2018) focusing on the objective of identifying comprehensive theoretical systems that explicitly incorporate the spiritual domain as one of a limited set of human life domains. The structure of the Forbes model is contrasted with thirteen theoretical systems that explicitly incorporate the spiritual as a fourth life domain. Consistent with the Forbes model, the spiritual domain is proposed to consist of three modes of existence (Being, Doing, Having) represented as justice motivation, moral motivation, and transcendental motivation, respectively, as well as both promotion and prevention goals within each of the three motives. Empirical evidence is reviewed in support of a revised heuristic device wherein the Spiritual domain is closely linked with the Intrapsychic and Interpersonal domains, but not the Instrumental domain, resulting in a pyramidal structure and corresponding set of testable hypotheses.
为了将迄今为止缺失的第四个生命领域——精神领域纳入福布斯的人类动机分类模型（《普通心理学评论》，15（2），85-98，2011），对其进行了修订。根据理论发展的文献综述标准（Templier 和 Paré，2018），系统地回顾了关于精神动机的日益增多的文献，重点是确定明确将精神领域纳入有限的人类生命领域之一的综合理论系统。福布斯模型的结构与十三个明确将精神作为第四个生命领域的理论系统进行了对比。与福布斯模型一致，提议精神领域由存在的三种模式（存在、行动、拥有）组成，分别表示为正义动机、道德动机和超越动机，以及每个动机中的促进和预防目标。回顾了支持修订启发式工具的实证证据，其中精神领域与心理和人际关系领域密切相关，但与工具领域无关，从而形成了一个金字塔结构和相应的一组可检验假设。
