DePaulo B M, Kenny D A, Hoover C W, Webb W, Oliver P V
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Feb;52(2):303-15. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.2.303.
Do people know what kinds of impressions they convey to other people during particular social interactions? In a study designed to answer this question, subjects interacted individually with three partners on each of four different tasks. After each interaction, participants reported their impressions of the other person's likability and competence. They also postdicted the impressions they believed they conveyed to the other person along the same dimensions. Accuracy was computed as recommended by Cronbach (1955) and by Kenny's (1981) Social Relations Model. Subjects could tell to a significant degree how the impressions they conveyed to their partners changed over time (time accuracy) and how they changed over time in different ways with different partners (differential accuracy). They could also tell how their competence was differentially perceived by different partners (dyadic accuracy). However, they were not very accurate at discerning which partners perceived them as most competent or most likable across all interactions (person accuracy). Subjects believed that they conveyed similar impressions of themselves to all of their partners, although actually partners evidenced little agreement with each other in their impressions of a given subject. The implications of these findings for symbolic-interactionist theories of the development of the self and impression-management perspectives on social behavior are described.
人们是否知道在特定的社交互动中他们给其他人留下了什么样的印象？在一项旨在回答这个问题的研究中，受试者在四项不同任务中的每一项上都分别与三个伙伴进行互动。每次互动后，参与者报告他们对对方的可爱程度和能力的印象。他们还推测了他们认为自己在相同维度上给对方留下的印象。按照克龙巴赫（1955年）和肯尼（1981年）的社会关系模型的建议计算准确性。受试者能够在很大程度上说出他们传达给伙伴的印象如何随时间变化（时间准确性），以及他们如何在不同时间以不同方式与不同伙伴相处（差异准确性）。他们还能说出不同伙伴对他们能力的不同看法（二元准确性）。然而，在辨别哪些伙伴在所有互动中将他们视为最有能力或最可爱方面，他们并不十分准确（个人准确性）。受试者认为他们向所有伙伴传达了相似的自我印象，尽管实际上伙伴们对某个特定受试者的印象彼此之间几乎没有一致性。描述了这些发现对自我发展的符号互动主义理论和社会行为的印象管理观点的影响。
