Park B, DeKay M L, Kraus S
Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Mar;66(3):437-59. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.66.3.437.
Two experiments explored the role of perceivers (judges) in aggregating social behavior into impressions. In Experiment 1, it was predicted and found that judges influence impressions (i.e., eye-of-the-beholder effects) not only because they disagree on how to interpret single acts but because they aggregate multiple acts in unique ways to arrive at idiosyncratic impressions. Using D. A. Kenny's (1991) general model of accuracy and consensus, it was found that judges perceived much greater consistency in the behavior of targets across situations when they were asked to aggregate the behavior than when they were not. Differential interpretation of single acts did not change as a function of aggregating behavior. This aggregation process was characterized as the construction of models of persons. In Experiment 2, the concept of person models was explored further, and it was argued that perceivers develop these models on the basis of what is viewed as the central concept of a target. For any given target, a limited number of models can be identified, and different perceivers develop different models. The particular model formed has implications for the perceiver's underlying memory representation and the perceived personality profile of the target.
两项实验探究了感知者（评判者）在将社会行为整合为印象过程中的作用。在实验1中，研究人员预测并发现，评判者影响印象（即旁观者效应）不仅是因为他们对如何解读单一行为存在分歧，还因为他们以独特的方式整合多个行为以形成独特的印象。使用D. A. 肯尼（1991）的准确性和一致性通用模型，研究发现，当要求评判者整合行为时，他们所感知到的目标在不同情境下行为的一致性，比不要求整合行为时要高得多。对单一行为的不同解读并不会随着行为整合而改变。这种整合过程被描述为构建人物模型。在实验2中，对人物模型的概念进行了进一步探究，研究认为感知者基于被视为目标核心概念的内容来构建这些模型。对于任何给定目标，可以识别出有限数量的模型，并且不同的感知者会构建不同的模型。所形成的特定模型对感知者的潜在记忆表征以及目标的感知性格特征具有影响。
