Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Laboratory of RNA Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2023 Jan;14(1):e1737. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1737. Epub 2022 May 26.
The 3'-end poly(A) tail is an important and potent feature of most mRNA molecules that affects mRNA fate and translation efficiency. Polyadenylation is a posttranscriptional process that occurs in the nucleus by canonical poly(A) polymerases (PAPs). In some specific instances, the poly(A) tail can also be extended in the cytoplasm by noncanonical poly(A) polymerases (ncPAPs). This epitranscriptomic regulation of mRNA recently became one of the most interesting aspects in the field. Advances in RNA sequencing technologies and software development have allowed the precise measurement of poly(A) tails, identification of new ncPAPs, expansion of the function of known enzymes, discovery and a better understanding of the physiological role of tail heterogeneity, and recognition of a correlation between tail length and RNA translatability. Here, we summarize the development of polyadenylation research methods, including classic low-throughput approaches, Illumina-based genome-wide analysis, and advanced state-of-art techniques that utilize long-read third-generation sequencing with Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms. A boost in technical opportunities over recent decades has allowed a better understanding of the regulation of gene expression at the mRNA level. This article is categorized under: RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico.
3' 端聚（A）尾是大多数 mRNA 分子的一个重要而有效的特征，它影响 mRNA 的命运和翻译效率。多聚腺苷酸化是一种发生在细胞核中的转录后过程，由规范的多聚腺苷酸化酶（PAPs）进行。在某些特定情况下，非规范的多聚腺苷酸化酶（ncPAPs）也可以在细胞质中延伸聚（A）尾。这种对 mRNA 的转录后修饰调控最近成为该领域最有趣的方面之一。RNA 测序技术和软件开发的进步使得精确测量聚（A）尾、鉴定新的 ncPAPs、扩展已知酶的功能、发现和更好地理解尾异质性的生理作用以及识别尾长度与 RNA 可翻译性之间的相关性成为可能。在这里，我们总结了聚腺苷酸化研究方法的发展，包括经典的低通量方法、基于 Illumina 的全基因组分析，以及利用 Pacific Biosciences 和 Oxford Nanopore Technologies 平台的第三代长读测序的先进技术。近几十年来，技术机会的增加使得人们能够更好地理解 mRNA 水平上基因表达的调控。本文属于：RNA 方法 > 体外和计算机 RNA 分析。
